Biobutanol Dari Hasil Fraksinasi Lignoselulosa Dengan Metode Fermentasi Menggunakan Bakteri Clostridium Acetobutylicum

Qouli, Ferdiansyah Iqbil and Widjaja, Ailsa Irma Adiani (2023) Biobutanol Dari Hasil Fraksinasi Lignoselulosa Dengan Metode Fermentasi Menggunakan Bakteri Clostridium Acetobutylicum. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Di Indonesia, harga minyak bumi semakin meningkat dikarenakan produksi minyak bumi semakin menurun. Kondisi ini diperburuk dengan jumlah pengguna bahan bakar yang meningkat setiap tahun. Untuk mengurangi keterbatasan bahan bakar fosil maka diperlukan energi alternatif yang dapat diproduksi secara berkelanjutan, salah satunya yaitu biobutanol. Biobutanol memiliki beberapa karakteristik fisika dan kimia yang lebih mirip ke bensin sehingga dapat dicampur dengan bensin dalam kadar bervariasi (lebih ekonomis). Bahan baku yang digunakan dalam pabrik biobutanol ini adalah selulosa hasil fraksinasi (produk intermediate selulosa TKKS dari pabrik fraksinasi bertingkat lignoselulosa dari limbah tandan kosong kelapa sawit pra-desain sebelumnya). Proses yang digunakan yaitu terdapat tahap pre-treatment, fermentasi, dan pemisahan. Pada tahap pre-treatment, molekul selulosa dipecah menjadi glukosa (karbohidrat) dengan bantuan enzim selulase. Selanjutnya, glukosa diubah menjadi aseton, butanol, etanol, gas CO2, dan air dengan bantuan bakteri Clostridium acetobutylicum pada tahap fermentasi. Hasil dari proses fermentasi selanjutnya akan dipisahkan menjadi produk bioaseton, biobutanol, dan bioetanol dengan menggunakan metode distilasi. Produk bioaseton, biobutanol, dan bioetanol diperoleh kemurnian secara berturut-turut yaitu 91,32%, 99,88%, dan 99,9%. Pabrik biobutanol direncanakan akan didirikan pada tahun 2025. Dengan perhitungan jumlah kebutuhan biobutanol yang belum terpenuhi, maka kapasitas produksi adalah 80% dari jumlah tersebut. Data yang diperoleh adalah jumlah kebutuhan biobutanol 37.450,67 metrik ton/tahun, produksi 193.783,73 KL, impor 44.699,53 KL, dan ekspor 106.847,18 KL. Kapasitas produksi biobutanol dalam pabrik ini yaitu 9.275,12 metrik ton/tahun dengan bahan baku selulosa sebesar 49.880,17 ton/tahun. Berdasarkan pradesain pabrik fraksinasi lignoselulosa dari limbah TKKS pada tahun 2022, lokasi pabrik berada di Provinsi Riau, dengan pertimbangan letak perkebunan kelapa sawit terluas di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, lokasi pabrik biobutanol harus terletak di tempat yang sama untuk memangkas biaya pengemasan dan pengiriman. Hal ini dikarenakan pabrik biobutanol yang akan dibangun merupakan lanjutan dari pabrik fraksinasi lignoselulosa, dimana ketiga pabriknya berlokasi di tempat yang sama. Sumber dana investasi berasal dari modal sendiri sebanyak 40% biaya investasi dan pinjaman sebanyak 60% biaya investasi dengan bunga 8,20% per tahun dan laju inflasi 5,42%. Berdasarkan analisa perhitungan ekonomi diperoleh nilai Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) yang diperoleh dari total modal tetap dan modal kerja sebesar Rp. 287.743.307.806,09 /tahun. Sedangkan perhitungan Operational Expenditure (OPEX) yang dihitung dari perhitungan produksi langsung, biaya tetap, biaya plant overhead, dan biaya pengeluaran umum senilai Rp. 743.455.172.005.93 /tahun. Nilai penjualan yang dapat dicapai dalam satu tahun sebesar Rp. 928.260.738.934,65.
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In Indonesia, the price of petroleum is increasing as petroleum production is decreasing. This condition is exacerbated by the number of fuel users increasing every year. To reduce the limitations of fossil fuels, alternative energy that can be produced sustainably is needed, one of which is biobutanol. Biobutanol has several physical and chemical characteristics that are more similar to gasoline so that it can be mixed with gasoline in varying levels (more economical). The raw material used in this biobutanol plant is fractionated cellulose (intermediate product of TKKS cellulose from a pre-designed lignocellulosic multistage fractionation plant from palm empty fruit bunch waste). The process used is pre-treatment, fermentation, and separation. In the pre-treatment stage, cellulose molecules are broken down into glucose (carbohydrate) with the help of cellulase enzyme. Furthermore, glucose is converted into acetone, butanol, ethanol, CO2 gas, and water with the help of Clostridium acetobutylicum bacteria in the fermentation stage. The results of the fermentation process will then be separated into bioacetone, biobutanol, and bioethanol products using the distillation method. Bioacetone, biobutanol, and bioethanol products obtained purity are 91.32%, 99.88%, and 99.9%, respectively. The biobutanol plant is planned to be established in 2025. With the calculation of the number of unmet biobutanol needs, the production capacity is 80% of this amount. The data obtained are the total biobutanol demand of 37,450.67 metric tons/year, production of 193,783.73 KL, import of 44,699.53 KL, and export of 106,847.18 KL. The production capacity of biobutanol in this plant is 9,275.12 metric tons/year with cellulose raw materials of 49,880.17 tons/year. Based on the pre-design of the lignocellulose fractionation plant from TKKS waste in 2022, the plant location is in Riau Province, considering the location of the largest oil palm plantation in Indonesia. Therefore, the location of the biobutanol plant should be located in the same place to cut packaging and shipping costs. This is because the biobutanol plant to be built is a continuation of the lignocellulose fractionation plant, where all three plants are located in the same place. The source of investment funds comes from own capital as much as 40% of investment costs and loans as much as 60% of investment costs with an interest rate of 8.20% per year and an inflation rate of 5.42%. Based on the economic calculation analysis, the Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) value obtained from the total fixed capital and working capital amounted to Rp. 287,743,307,806.09 / year. While the calculation of Operational Expenditure (OPEX) calculated from the calculation of direct production, fixed costs, plant overhead costs, and general expenditure costs worth Rp. 743,455,172,005.93 / year. The sales value that can be achieved in one year is Rp. 928,260,738,934.65.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Cellulose, Biobutanol, Hydrolysis, Fermentation, Separation, Selulosa, Biobutanol, Hidrolisis, Fermentasi, Pemisahan
Subjects:	T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP155.5 Chemical plants--Design and construction T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP156 Crystallization. Extraction (Chemistry). Fermentation. Distillation. Emulsions. T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP248.27.P55 Plant biotechnology. T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP248.3 Biochemical engineering. Bioprocess engineering T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP339 Ethanol as fuel. Biomass energy. T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP359.B46 Biodiesel fuels.
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Chemical Engineering > 24201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Ailsa Irma Adiani Widjaja
Date Deposited:	31 Jul 2023 03:01
Last Modified:	29 Aug 2023 01:37
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/100136

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