Maharsiwi, Anindya Zahra (2023) Perencanaan Pengelolaan Limbah Industri Makanan Ringan Skala Rumah Tangga Berbasis Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3R) di Desa Watubonang Kabupaten Ponorogo. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Salah satu industri pangan berskala rumah tangga yang memproduksi makanan ringan berbahan ikan di Ponorogo belum memiliki unit pengolah air limbah dan pengelolaan limbah yang jelas sehingga semua limbah hasil produksi langsung dibuang ke lingkungan. Berbagai masalah dapat timbul akibat dari pembuangan limbah secara langsung ke lingkungan. Limbah yang dihasilkan oleh industri tersebut memiliki kandungan senyawa organik yang tinggi sehingga mengakibatkan timbulnya beberapa permasalahan, antara lain bau busuk, kematian ikan dan biota lainnya pada badan perairan penerima limbah, serta eutrofikasi karena kelebihan nitrogen dan fosfor. Dalam upaya untuk mencegah pencemaran lingkungan, mengurangi peredaran limbah, dan mewujudkan proses produksi yang lebih baik dapat dilakukan pengelolaan limbah cair dan padat dengan konsep 3R, yaitu Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Metode perencanaan dimulai observasi dan wawancara guna menentukan ide perencanaan, dilanjutkan dengan studi literatur yang berkaitan dengan topik perencanaan. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa data primer dan data sekunder. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan survey lapangan, wawancara, sampling dan analisis laboratorium dan penelitian lapangan. Sedangkan data sekunder dilakukan dengan studi literatur. Perencanaan mencakup pengelolaan berbasis 3R untuk seluruh limbah yang muncul dan engineering design unit untuk kegiatan pengelolaan limbah beserta BOQ dan RAB. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, reduce dilakukan pada limbah cair berupa air bekas pencucian bahan baku dengan cara menerapkan SOP pencucian yang tepat, Air bekas pencucian peralatan dengan penggunaan alat pressure washer; Reduce limbah padat compostable berupa kulit lele dengan mengganti bahan baku dengan ukuran lele yang lebih kecil, limbah non-recycable kertas bekas penggorengan dengan penggunaan teknologi spinner, limbah kemasan produk dengan re-design kemasan dengan bahan yang dapat di daur ulang; Reuse dilakukan pada keseluruhan limbah cair untuk pengairan budidaya ikan dengan pengolahan dengan ABR dan wetland; Reuse dilakukan pada limbah padat recycable berupa plastik kresek dan botol plastik; Recycle dilakukan untuk limbah padat compostable dengan metode pengomposan bin dan padat recycable dengan bantuan pihak ketiga (off site). Sedangkan untuk dimensi unit pengolah, berdasarkan perhitungan Engineering Design (ED) didapatkan dimensi grease trap panjang 0,5 m; lebar 0,25 m; kedalaman 0,45m, bak ekualisasi yaitu panjang 0,65 m; lebar 0,8 m; kedalaman 0,8 m, anaerobic baffled reactor yaitu panjang 0,65 m; lebar 0,7 m; kedalaman 1,3 m, dan constructed wetland yaitu panjang 5 m; lebar 0,8 m; kedalaman 1 m.Pewadahan limbah padat menggunakan bak plastik HDPE tertutup dengan ukuran, untuk limbah compostable 120 L, limbah recycable dan non-recycable 240 L. Pengomposan dilakukan pada limbah padat compostable secara aerob di dalam bak plastik HDPE ukuran 280 L sebanyak 8 buah. Rencana anggaran biaya dalam pembangunan unit untuk kegiatan pengelolaan limbah cair dan padat industri makanan ringan berskala rumah tangga sebesar Rp203.000.000, sedangkan untuk biaya pengoperasian sebesar Rp 6.415.000
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A household-scale food industry that produces fish-based snacks in Ponorogo does not yet have a wastewater treatment unit and clear waste management so that all production waste is directly discharged into the environment. Various problems can arise as a result of direct disposal of waste into the environment. The waste produced by the industry has a high content of organic compounds, resulting in several problems, including foul odor, death of fish and other biota in the receiving water body, and eutrophication due to excess nitrogen and phosphorus. In an effort to prevent environmental pollution, reduce waste circulation, and realize a better production process, liquid and solid waste management can be carried out with the 3R concept, namely Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. The planning method begins with observations and interviews to determine planning ideas, followed by a literature study related to the planning topic. The data collected are primary data and secondary data. Primary data have been collected by field surveys, interviews, sampling and laboratory analysis and field research. While secondary data is done with literature studies. Planning includes 3R-based management for all waste that arises and engineering design units for waste management activities along with BOQ and the Budget Plan. Based on the results of the analysis, reduce is done on liquid waste in the form of water used for washing raw materials by applying the right washing SOP, water used for washing equipment with the use of pressure washer tools; Reduce compostable solid waste in the form of catfish skin by replacing raw materials with smaller catfish sizes, non-recyclable waste paper used for frying with the use of spinner technology, product packaging waste by re-designing packaging with recyclable materials; Reuse is carried out on the entire liquid waste for irrigation of fish farming by processing with ABR and wetland; Reuse is carried out on recyclable solid waste in the form of plastic bags and plastic bottles; Recycle is carried out for compostable solid waste by bin composting method and recyclable solid waste with the help of third parties (off site). As for the dimensions of the processing unit, based on the Engineering Design (ED) calculation, the dimensions of the grease trap are 0.5 m long; 0.25 m wide; 0.45m depth, equalization basin is 0.65 m long; 0.8 m wide; 0.8 m depth, anaerobic baffled reactor is 0.65 m long; 0.7 m wide; 1.3 m depth, and constructed wetland is 5 m long; 0.8 m wide; 1 m depth. Solid waste storage uses closed HDPE plastic tubs with sizes, for compostable waste 120 L, recyclable and non-recyclable waste 240 L. Composting is carried out aerobically in 280 L HDPE plastic tubs as many as 8 pieces. The cost budget plan for the construction of the unit for liquid and solid waste management activities of the household-scale snack food industry is Rp203,000,000, while the operating cost is Rp6,415,000
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