Analysis of Charging Facilities Variation For Electric Two-Wheelers (E2W) Vehicles and The Impact on Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

Hindarawan, Elfonda Rifky Surya (2023) Analysis of Charging Facilities Variation For Electric Two-Wheelers (E2W) Vehicles and The Impact on Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

Text 02411940000053-Undergraduate_Thesis.pdf - Accepted Version Restricted to Repository staff only until 1 October 2025. Download (1MB) | Request a copy

Abstract

The usage of electric vehicles is rising together with the awareness of global warming and clean energy. To support the trend, many alternatives to EV charging facilities aredeveloped. However, the financial comparison of TCO for E2W vehicles has not been done, especially in Indonesia. Moreover, unique business model of BSS in Indonesia needs to be analyzed as well. Three common charging facilities are available: home charge, Stasiun Pengisian Kendaraan Listrik Umum (SPKLU), and Battery Swapping Station (BSS). Home charge and SPKLU have a lower rate per charge than BSS but take longer to recharge the battery. On the other hand, BSS can recharge the battery very quickly by swapping the depleted battery for the fully charged one. However, the cost to recharge is higher on BSS. BSS rents the battery to the customer. Thus, the ownership of the battery is on the provider's side. This study covers the financial calculation of charging facility variations to see the impact on the total cost of ownership (TCO). The comparison of each vehicle is done by using a financial modelling approach. The TCO will be analyzed annually using Equivalent Uniformed Annual Cash (EUAC) value. The cost components of TCO and EUAC calculation for ICE are fuel, insurance, tax & permit, maintenance & major replacement, and environmental costs. On the other hand, the cost of components for E2W are battery replacement, insurance, electrical, and maintenance costs. It has been calculated that the comparison between ICE and E2W with different charging facilities resulted in lower total cost for E2W that uses home charging and SPKLU as charging method. Moreover, with additional cost reduction of E2W by incentive, the E2W has a lower cost of ownership than ICE in all types of charging methods. The incentive reduces the average EUAC of E2W up to 27%. The mixed scheme has the lowest EUAC of all available charging methods, followed by BSS, SPKLU, and home charge. This study also found that most ownership costs are highly affected by vehicles’ acquisition cost. Nevertheless, fuel and electricity costs are the major components that highly affect the total cost of ownership. Other than that, battery replacement costs are also incurred for E2W that cannot use BSS. Additional analysis of BSS and SPKLU business in Indonesia shows prospective market for Indonesia’s E2W market. SPKLU offers sustainable business in E2W market with very stable IRR value around 13% even with number of customer changes. On the other hand, the calculation of IRR for BSS shows that with a 10% profit-sharing rate for the partner, around 27 daily swaps are needed to achieve 12% IRR in 5 years of the partnership period. The sensitivity analysis provides a broader possibility of determining the profit-sharing rate and number of daily swaps to achieve an acceptable IRR. The business of BSS in Indonesia has high potential considering the easiness of investing, emerging EV markets, and growing E2W companies and communities in the country.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Electric Vehicles, Equivalent Uniform Annual Cash, Financial Modelling, Monte Carlo Simulation, Total Cost of Ownership
Subjects:	T Technology > TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics > TL220 Electric vehicles and their batteries, etc.
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Industrial Engineering > 26201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Elfonda Rifky Surya Hindrawan
Date Deposited:	03 Aug 2023 05:38
Last Modified:	03 Aug 2023 05:38
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/101928

Actions (login required)

View Item