Fatmawati, Akbarningrum (2023) Proses Pengolahan Awal Dua Tahap Dengan Teknologi Sonikasi Dan Air Subkritis Serta Hidrolisa Enzimatik Sabut Kelapa Untuk Produksi Gula. Doctoral thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Upaya pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan serta pemanfaatan sabut kelapa yang merupakan limbah biomassa khas Indonesia dengan ketersediaan yang melimpah untuk produksi gula telah dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Teknologi konversi limbah biomassa menjadi gula saat ini sangat diperlukan sebagai upaya mengatasi masalah penurunan cadangan minyak bumi dan perbaikan kualitas lingkungan. Sebagai salah satu biomassa lignoselulosa, sabut kelapa mengandung komponen polisakarida (hemiselulosa dan selulosa) sebagai sumber bahan untuk produksi gula pentosa (C5) dan heksosa (C6) serta polimer aromatis (lignin) yang juga memiliki potensi sebagai sumber bahan bakar, perkusor bahan kimia, serta bahan aditif pangan antioksidan. Pengolahan awal ultrasonik dan air subkritis sabut kelapa serta konversi melalui hidrolisa enzimatis merupakan fokus penelitian dalam disertasi ini Sabut kelapa dalam penelitian ini, yang dikoleksi dari pasar lokal Surabaya, memiliki kandungan ekstraktif air dan alkohol sebesar 17,58 %, hemiselulosa 21,69 %, selulosa 30,78 %, dan lignin 28,76 %. Pengolahan awal (pretreatment) bahan lignoselulosa dilakukan sebelum hidrolisa enzimatis untuk meningkatkan akses enzim hidrolitik pada molekul selulosa. Pada penelitian ini, 2 tahap pengolahan awal dilakukan menggunakan gelombang ultrasonik dalam bath sonicator dengan frekuensi 35 kHz dan pengolahan air subkritis pada tekanan awal 60 bar yang dibantu dengan gas CO2 sebagai gas penekan sekaligus sebagai katalis. Produksi gula pereduksi total dari sabut kelapa diperoleh dari pengolahan air subkritis selain hidrolisa enzimatis menggunakan 2 enzim komersial, cellulase dari Trichoderma reseei dan xylanase dari Aspergillus oryzae. Rancangan eksperimen pengolahan awal ultrasonik dan air subkritis sabut kelapa dalam penelitian ini adalah response surface Box-Behnken. Kondisi eksperimen ultrasonik melibatkan variabel konsentrasi asam sulfat sebagai medium (0 – 1 %), waktu (10 – 50 menit), dan suhu (30 – 60 oC) sedangkan kondisi eksperimen air subkritis melibatkan variabel suhu (130 – 170 oC), waktu (40 – 80 menit), dan persentase penambahan aditif surfaktan (1 – 3 %). Model empiris kuadratik telah digunakan sebagai pendekatan untuk proses pengolahan awal ultrasonik, air subkritis dan hidrolisa enzimatis dengan hasil yang sangat baik (R2 > 0,95). Proses optimasi dan pemodelan empiris dilakukan dengan bantuan software MATLAB®. Kondisi pengolahan awal ultrasonik optimum yang diperoleh adalah menggunakan konsentrasi asam sulfat 1 % pada suhu 60 oC selama 38 menit dengan kandungan selulosa 41,2682 % dan lignin 37 %. Kondisi optimum pengolahan air subkritis adalah pada 170 oC, 79,87 menit, dan konsentrasi surfaktan SDS 2,79 % yang menghasilkan gula pereduksi total 5,155 g/L. Kondisi optimum pengolahan air subkritis yang menghasilkan gula pereduksi total dari hidrolisa enzimatis adalah 158 oC, 65 menit dan konsentrasi surfaktan SDS 2,3 % dengan konsentrasi gula pereduksi total 4,766 g/L setelah proses hidrolisa enzimatis selama 48 jam. Upaya penggunaan model kinetika pirolisa untuk perhitungan komposisi lignoselulosa dari data instrumen analisis termogravimetri (TGA) telah dilakukan dan hasil pemodelan yang sangat mendekati data instrumen dengan R2 = 1 data kualitas pemodelan 0,1 – 0,35 %. Meskipun terdapat perbedaan hasil dengan metode gravimetri (Chesson) dalam penentuan komposisi lignoselulosa, namun penggunaan instrumen TGA berkontribusi dalam pengembangan “rapid method” yang dibutuhkan industri biokilang (biorefinery) ke depan
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The attempt to develop knowledge and utilize coconut husk as the abundantly available lignocellulosic waste in Indonesia has been performed in this research. Biomass waste to sugar conversion technology is currently needed to overcome the declining petroleum reserve as well as environmental problem issue. As one kind of lignocellulosic biomass, coconut husk contains polysaccharide (hemicellulose and cellulose) as the source of pentose (C5) and hexose (C6) sugar production as well as aromatic polymer (lignin) which can be explored for the source of fuel, chemicals, and potential antioxidant food additive. Ultrasonic and subcritical water treatment for coconut husk as well as enzymatic hydrolysis for sugar production were the research focus of this dissertation. The coconut husk in this research had been collected from local market in Surabaya and had been found to contain 17.58 % total water and alcohol extractives, 21.69 % hemicellulose, 30.78% cellulose, and 28.76 % lignin. The pretreatment of lignocellulosic material are employed prior to enzymatic hydrolysis to enhance the hydrolytic enzyme access onto the cellulose molecule. Two pretreatment processes were implemented in this work, consisting of ultrasonic process using a bath sonicator at 35 kHz and subcritical water (liquid hot water) proceess at 60 bar assisted by CO2 addition as a pressurizing gas as well as catalyst. In this research, reducing sugar from coconut husk were obtained through subcritical water process, in spite of enzymatic hydrolysis using two commercial enzymes, cellulase from Trichoderma reseei and xylanase from Aspergillus oryzae. The experiment design used in this research was Box-Behnken response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental conditions for ultrasonic pretreatment involved sulfuric acid medium concentration (0 – 1 %), treatment time (10 – 50 min), and temperature (30 – 60 oC) while those for subcritical water pretreatment were temperature (130 – 170 oC), treatment time (40 – 80 min) and surfactant concentration (1 – 3 %). The empirical quadratic models were employed for those processes, and had been found excellently representing the experiment result (R2 > 0,95). Optimization and the empirical modeling were achieved with the aid of MATLAB® software. The optimum condition for ultrasonic pretreatment was 1 % sulfuric acid concentration, 60 oC, and 38 minutes, reaching cellulose content of 41.2682 %, and lignin of 37 %. The optimum condition for subcritical water pretreatment was 170 oC, 79.87 min, and 2.79 % surfactant addition which achieve 5.155 g/L total reducing sugar. The optimum condition subcritical water treatment achieving the highest total reducing sugar from enzymatic hydrolysis was 158 oC, 65 min, and 2.30 % surfactant addition which achieve 4,766 g/L total reducing sugar. An attempt to employ pyrolysis kinetic model of thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) had been performed and the modelling result was excellently approached the TGA instrument data with R2 = 1 and fit quality of 0,1 – 0,35 %. Despite the discrepancy existence between the TGA modeling approach and the conventional gravimetry (Chesson) result this effort in TGA modeling could contribute in the “rapid method” development which may be required by biorefinery industry in the future.
Item Type: | Thesis (Doctoral) |
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Uncontrolled Keywords: | lignoselulosa, delignifikasi, selulosa, hemiselulosa, lignin, surfaktan;lignocellulose, delignification, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, surfactant |
Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP248.3 Biochemical engineering. Bioprocess engineering T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP382 Sugar--Analysis. |
Divisions: | Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Chemical Engineering > 24001-(S3) PhD Thesis |
Depositing User: | Akbarningrum Fatmawati |
Date Deposited: | 18 Aug 2023 02:35 |
Last Modified: | 18 Aug 2023 02:35 |
URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/104769 |
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