Integrasi Pengolahan Air Asam dan Air Limbah Tambang Batu Bara PT.X

Narendra, Bagus (2025) Integrasi Pengolahan Air Asam dan Air Limbah Tambang Batu Bara PT.X. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Aktivitas pertambangan batu bara dapat menghasilkan dua jenis limbah cair, meliputi Air Asam Tambang (AAT) dan Air Limbah Tambang (ALT). AAT berasal dari batuan mineral sulfida yang terekspos pada udara atmosfer, teroksidasi, dan berubah menjadi limpasan akibat kontak dengan air. AAT berkarakteristik asam kuat, memiliki kandungan sulfat tinggi, serta adanya beragam jenis logam berat. ALT berasal dari segala bentuk proses yang menghasilkan air limbah selama proses pertambangan batu bara, baik dari segi produksi seperti proses ekstraksi dan pencucian maupun runoff dari hasil buangan seperti timbunan overburden. Karakteristik utama dari ALT adalah memiliki kadar Total Suspended Solids (TSS) tinggi, kaya akan mineral terlarut, serta memiliki rentang pH yang variatif tergantung pada sumber pembentuknya. Berbagai karakteristik tersebut memposisikan keduanya sebagai potensi pencemar bagi cadangan air bersih wilayah sekitar tambang batu bara. Metode pengolahan tepat guna bagi keduanya berfokus pada penurunan kadar TSS, penetralan pH, serta penurunan kadar logam berat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui rasio optimum pencampuran antara AAT dan ALT sebagai suatu metode pengolahan air limbah serta mengkaji efek dari kombinasi kecepatan dan waktu pengadukan sebagai bentuk optimisasi hasil. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berupa pengadukan hasil pencampuran AAT dan ALT dalam variasi rasio volume (mL : mL) tertentu. Prediksi terhadap hasil pencampuran antara AAT dan ALT dilakukan menggunakan pemodelan PHREEQC berbasis uji ICP-OES kandungan logam dari hasil pencampuran. Parameter uji hasil pencampuran menyesuaikan regulasi yang berlaku (pH, TSS, Total Besi (Fe), dan Total Mangan (Mn)). Peningkatan performa pencampuran dilakukan melalui optimisasi kombinasi kecepatan pengadukan dan waktu reaksi dengan modelling Response Surface Methodology (RSM) tipe Central Composite Design (CCD). Rasio volume terbaik akan diuji terhadap serangkaian kombinasi kecepatan pengadukan dan waktu reaksi dari hasil modelling untuk selanjutnya dilihat titik faktor hasil optimisasi, tingkat Desirability dari model optimisasi, serta faktor yang paling signifikan terhadap respons. Konfirmasi dari hasil PHREEQC serta karakterisasi sampel juga akan dilakukan melalui analisis karakterisasi endapan dengan SEM-EDX dan XRD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio optimum pencampuran ada pada nilai 40 AAT : 60 ALT dengan kemampuan meningkatkan pH hingga di atas nilai netral (7,01) pasca settling 30 menit serta menyisihkan TSS dalam sistem sebesar 96,35%. Penyisihan [Fe] dan [Mn] pada sistem dari rasio optimum secara berturut-turut mencapai 85% dan 18%. Optimisasi dengan RSM-CCD menghasilkan titik optimum untuk kecepatan dan waktu pengadukan secara berturut-turut senilai 245 rpm dan 7 menit. Rekomendasi bentuk pengolahan bagi PT.X juga didapatkan melalui acuan perhitungan nilai gradien kecepatan (G) dan waktu tinggal (Td) secara berturut-turut sebesar 159,417/s dan 7 menit. Tingkat combined desirability dari optimisasi RSM-CCD senilai 0,661 dengan efek optimisasi yang signifikan terjadi pada parameter TSS dan [Fe]. Dari analisis ANOVA terhadap tiap respons, ditemukan faktor waktu pengadukan signifikan mempengaruhi parameter pH dan TSS. Pada analisis yang sama, faktor kecepatan pengadukan signifikan mempengaruhi parameter [Fe] dan [Mn].
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Coal Mining Activities exude wastewater in two forms, namely Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and Coal Mine Wastewater (CWW). AMD originated from sulfide minerals exposed to atmosphere, oxidized, then turned into runoff due to contact with water streams. AMD is a strong acid substance containing high levels of dissolved sulphate and varieties of heavy metals. CWW generates from any kind of coal mining activities that produce wastewater, from production-related activities like coal extraction and washing until byproduct (overburden piles) runoffs. The main characteristics of CWW include high levels of Total Suspended Solids (TSS), enriched with minerals, and has a wide range of pH depending on its source. All of these characteristics put both of them as polluters for clean water reserves around the mining concession. Treatment processes for both of these polluters will be focused on decreasing TSS, neutralizing pH, as well as minimizing heavy metal contents in the combined final effluent. The goal of this research is to identify the optimum ratio for AMD and CWW mixing as well as examine the effects from combination of mixing speed and duration aimed in optimizing the results. The method of this research will be through mixing AMD and CWW through variation of volume ratios (mL : mL). Prediction of the chemical substance behaviour from the mixing process will be done through PHREEQC modelling utilizing ICP-OES results from both the sample and supernatant. The parameters being tested towards the supernatant are based on the applicable regulation (pH, TSS, Total Fe, and Total Mn). Optimization of the mixing performance will be analyzed by running the best mixture ratio through combinations of mixing speed and reaction time runs based on the Central Composite Design (CCD) type of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) modelling. From those runs, RSM-CCD will determine the recommended point of factors, desirability rate of the RSM-CCD optimization model, as well as the most significant factor for certain response. Confirmation of the PHREEQC results will also be done through characterization of precipitate formed from the validation experiment of the optimization using SEM-EDX and XRD analysis. After the said experiment has been done, it is found that the optimum ratio for mixing was using 40 AMD : 60 CWW with the ability to increase pH until above neutral value (7,01) after being settled for 30 minutes as well as removing TSS content in the system until 96,35%. The removal of [Fe] and [Mn] in the system reached 85% and 18% respectively. The optimization using RSM-CCD emulated an optimum point for both factors in 245 rpm and 7 minutes. A recommendation for treatment alternative was made for PT.X, considering the result of velocity gradient (G) and detention time (td) calculation of 159,417/s and 7 minutes, respectively. The desirability rate from the optimization with the modelled being formulated by RSM-CCD reached 0,661 with a significant effect towards parameters of TSS and [Fe] from the optimization process. The most significant factor based on the ANOVA analysis was found to be reaction time for pH and TSS parameters, whilst for the [Fe] and [Mn] was the mixing speed.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Air Asam Tambang, Air Limbah Tambang, Kelarutan, Netralisasi, Presipitasi; Acid Mine Drainage, Mine Wastewater, Neutralization, Precipitation, Solubility
Subjects:	Q Science > QD Chemistry T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD420 Water pollution T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD430 Water--Purification. T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD455 Chemical precipitation. Coagulation. Flocculation. Water--Purification--Flocculation.
Divisions:	Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering (CIVPLAN) > Environmental Engineering > 25201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Bagus Narendra
Date Deposited:	22 Jul 2025 00:52
Last Modified:	22 Jul 2025 00:52
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/120132

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