Peningkatan Bioavailability Skandium dan Vanadium pada Red Mud menggunakan Asam Sitrat dan Penambahan Bakteri pada Proses Phytomining

Hariyawan, Nabiilah (2025) Peningkatan Bioavailability Skandium dan Vanadium pada Red Mud menggunakan Asam Sitrat dan Penambahan Bakteri pada Proses Phytomining. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Red mud merupakan limbah padat dari proses bayer dalam pengolahan bauksit yang mengandung logam bernilai ekonomi tinggi seperti skandium (Sc) dan vanadium (V). Namun, pemanfaatannya masih terbatas karena sifatnya yang sangat basa dan kandungan logam berat yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas teknik phytomining dalam mengekstraksi logam dari Red mud menggunakan tanaman Dracaena fragrans dan Tradescantia pallida, serta mengkaji pengaruh penambahan bakteri Bacillus stercoris dan Staphylococcus warneri, dengan dukungan asam sitrat dalam mengekstraksi logam bioavailable dari red mud. Penelitian dilakukan selama 28 hari dalam skala laboratorium, sampel red mud yang digunakan berasal dari PT Indonesia Chemical Alumina. Sampel media tanam (Red mud + 10% pupuk kandang) diekstraksi menggunakan asam sitrat 0,5 M untuk mengukur fraksi logam bioavailable, sedangkan jaringan tanaman (upper dan lower) diekstraksi menggunakan aquaregia untuk mengukur akumulasi logam, yang kemudian dianalisis dengan ICP-OES. Selain itu, dilakukan uji mikroskop untuk mengamati perubahan struktur jaringan tanaman akibat akumulasi logam dan pengaruh bakteri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi red mud menggunakan asam sitrat pada pH 3 mampu meningkatkan nilai bioavaibility logam skandium (Sc) secara optimal, namun kurang efektif untuk vanadium (V). Efektivitas ekstraksi Sc dipengaruhi oleh kesesuaian pH larutan dengan rentang optimum pelarutan Sc³⁺, yaitu pada pH 2,5–3. Pada kondisi ini, asam sitrat berperan dalam mengasamkan media serta membentuk kompleks kelat yang stabil dengan ion logam, sehingga mempercepat pelarutan Sc dari fase padat. Di sisi lain, ekstraksi vanadium kurang maksimal karena V⁵⁺ cenderung lebih mudah larut dan membentuk kompleks stabil pada pH sekitar 6,5, sehingga kondisi pH 3 belum mendukung pelepasan V secara optimal dari red mud. Selain itu, pada penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa reaktor tanaman dengan penambahan bakteri Staphylococcus warneri, baik Dracaena fragrans maupun Tradescantia pallida menghasilkan nilai uptake logam tertinggi. Kombinasi antara Tradescantia pallida dan Staphylococcus warneri menghasilkan akumulasi logam skandium (Sc) tertinggi, yaitu sebesar 14,73 mg/kg pada hari ke-19. Sementara itu, kombinasi antara Dracaena fragrans dan Staphylococcus warneri menunjukkan akumulasi logam vanadium (V) tertinggi, yaitu 89,6 mg/kg pada hari ke-12
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Red mud is a solid waste generated from the Bayer process in bauxite refining, containing economically valuable metals such as scandium (Sc) and vanadium (V). However, its utilization remains limited due to its highly alkaline nature and high concentrations of heavy metals. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of phytomining techniques for extracting metals from red mud using Dracaena fragrans and Tradescantia pallida, and to assess the influence of bacterial inoculation (Bacillus stercoris and Staphylococcus warneri) supported by citric acid as a leaching agent. The experiment was conducted for 28 days at laboratory scale using red mud obtained from PT Indonesia Chemical Alumina. The planting media (red mud + 10% manure) was extracted with 0.5 M citric acid to measure the bioavailable metal fraction, while plant tissues (upper and lower parts) were digested using aqua regia to measure metal accumulation, both analyzed using ICP-OES. Additionally, microscopy was conducted to observe changes in plant tissue structure due to metal accumulation and bacterial effects. The results showed that extracting red mud with citric acid at pH 3 markedly enhances the bioavailability of scandium (Sc) but is less effective for vanadium (V). The efficiency of Sc extraction is governed by the solution’s pH, which matches the optimal dissolution range for Sc³⁺ (pH 2.5–3). Under these conditions, citric acid both acidifies the medium and forms stable chelate complexes with metal ions, accelerating the release of Sc from the solid phase. Conversely, vanadium extraction is sub optimal because V⁵⁺ more readily dissolves and forms stable complexes around pH 6.5; thus, pH 3 does not favor its release from red mud. In addition, adding the bacterium Staphylococcus warneri proved to boost phytomining efficiency in both plant species tested. The combination Tradescantia pallida + Staphylococcus warneri achieved the highest scandium accumulation—14.73 mg kg⁻¹ on day 19—while Dracaena fragrans + Staphylococcus warneri produced the highest vanadium accumulation—89.6 mg kg⁻¹ on day 12. These findings show that selecting appropriate plant species and bacterial strains can optimize metal accumulation from red mud and support eco friendly, biologically based phytomining technologies.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Asam sitrat, Bacillus stercoris, Dracaena fragrans, Phytomining, Red mud, Staphylococcus warneri, Tradescantia pallida, Bacillus stercoris, Citric acid, Dracaena fragrans, Phytomining, Red mud, Staphylococcus warneri, Tradescantia pallida
Subjects:	T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD192.5 Bioremediation T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD192.75 Phytoremediation.
Divisions:	Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering (CIVPLAN) > Environmental Engineering > 25201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Nabiilah Putri Hariyawan
Date Deposited:	23 Jul 2025 06:07
Last Modified:	23 Jul 2025 06:07
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/120835

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