Numerical Study Of The Aerodynamic Characteristics Of A Naca 4412 Airfoil: Comparison Between Plain Airfoil And Airfoil With Surface Roughness

Maznan, Farhan Hawari (2025) Numerical Study Of The Aerodynamic Characteristics Of A Naca 4412 Airfoil: Comparison Between Plain Airfoil And Airfoil With Surface Roughness. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Fenomena stall pada pesawat merupakan kondisi hilangnya gaya angkat secara tiba-tiba akibat pemisahan aliran udara dari permukaan sayap. Kejadian ini dapat menyebabkan penurunan performa hingga kehilangan kendali pesawat, sehingga menjadi salah satu aspek krusial dalam desain aerodinamis. Oleh karena itu, pemahaman terhadap karakteristik stall dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya, seperti kekasaran permukaan sayap, menjadi penting dalam meningkatkan keselamatan dan efisiensi penerbangan. Studi numerik ini mengkaji karakteristik aerodinamis profil sayap NACA 4412 dengan membandingkan kinerja antara profil sayap polos dan profil sayap dengan kondisi permukaan kasar. Simulasi ini menggunakan teknik CFD untuk mengevaluasi parameter aerodinamika, termasuk lift coefficient (Cl), drag coefficient (Cd), lift-drag ratio (L/D), dan distribusi tekanan di sekitar geometri profil sayap.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerataan permukaan secara signifikan memengaruhi kinerja aerodinamika airfoil NACA 4412, khususnya dalam perilaku lapisan batas dan titik transisi. Permukaan kasar mempercepat transisi aliran laminar ke turbulen, mengubah distribusi tekanan, serta membantu mempertahankan aliran terikat pada sudut serang tinggi sehingga menunda stall. Pada sudut serang 0°, 8°, 12°, dan 16°, airfoil polos memiliki performa lebih baik ditandai dengan nilai lift-drag ratio airfoil polos lebih tinggi dari pada airfoil dengan kekasaran permukaan. Namun pada sudut 18°, saat airfoil polos mengalami stall dikarenakan penurunan Cl dan peningkatan Cd, airfoil dengan kekasaran permukaan justru masih mampu menghasilkan gaya angkat. Performa aerodinamika airfoil kasar pada sudut ini tercatat lebih tinggi sebesar 6,76% dibanding airfoil polos. Hasil studi ini menyoroti trade-off antara efisiensi aerodinamika maksimum dan kemampuan mempertahankan performa pada sudut serang besar, di mana kondisi permukaan optimal bergantung pada kebutuhan operasional seperti take off, landing, dan maneuver. Temuan ini menekankan pentingnya kualitas permukaan dalam desain aerodinamis dan optimasi kinerja pesawat.
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The stall phenomenon in an aircraft is a condition of sudden loss of lift due to the separation of airflow from the wing surface. This event can cause a decrease in performance and even loss of aircraft control, making it a crucial aspect in aerodynamic design. Therefore, understanding the stall characteristics and the factors that influence it, such as wing surface roughness, is important in improving flight safety and efficiency. This numerical study examines the aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA 4412 wing profile by comparing the performance between a smooth wing profile and a wing profile with a rough surface condition. This simulation uses CFD techniques to evaluate aerodynamic parameters, including the lift coefficient (Cl), drag coefficient (Cd), lift-drag ratio (L/D), and pressure distribution around the wing profile geometry.
The results of the study indicate that surface roughness significantly affects the aerodynamic performance of the NACA 4412 airfoil, particularly in boundary layer behavior and transition points. Rough surfaces accelerate the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, alter the pressure distribution, and help maintain bound flow at high angles of attack, thus delaying stall. At angles of attack of 0°, 8°, 12°, and 16°, smooth airfoils perform better, indicated by a higher lift-drag ratio than rough airfoils. However, at an angle of 18°, when the smooth airfoil stalls due to a decrease in Cl and an increase in Cd, the rough airfoil is still able to generate lift. The aerodynamic performance of the rough airfoil at this angle is recorded as 6.76% higher than that of the smooth airfoil. The results of this study highlight the trade-off between maximum aerodynamic efficiency and the ability to maintain performance at large angles of attack, where optimal surface conditions depend on operational requirements such as takeoff, landing, and maneuvering. These findings emphasize the importance of surface quality in aerodynamic design and aircraft performance optimization.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Airfoil dengan permukaan kasar, CFD, karakteristik aerodinamis, NACA 4412, penundaan stall, perilaku lapisan batas, Aerodynamic characteristics, boundary layer behavior, computational fluid dynamics, NACA 4412, stall delay, surface roughness airfoil
Subjects:	T Technology > TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics > TL521 Aerodynamics, Hypersonic.
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Mechanical Engineering > 21201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Farhan Hawari Maznan
Date Deposited:	01 Aug 2025 07:22
Last Modified:	01 Aug 2025 07:22
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/125763

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