Kajian Efektivitas Bahan Pengurai Terhadap Penurunan Volume Lumpur, Konsentrasi EMPs, dan Toksisitas Bakteri di Tangki Septik

Wardhani, Widhowati Kesoema (2025) Kajian Efektivitas Bahan Pengurai Terhadap Penurunan Volume Lumpur, Konsentrasi EMPs, dan Toksisitas Bakteri di Tangki Septik. Doctoral thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Pencemaran tinja di Indonesia merupakan permasalahan yang menarik untuk diteliti. Selain karena kurangnya minat terkait topik ini, permasalahan terkait tinja sudah melebar. Menurut UNICEF pencemaran sumber air rumah tangga oleh tinja di Indonesia mencapai 70%. Permasalahan ini sebagian diakibatkan oleh kelayakan tangki septik ditambah dengan kebiasaan dan kemauan untuk membayar jasa pengurasan yang dianggap mahal. Di pasaran banyak dijual bahan pengurai lumpur tinja, namun perlu diuji apakah memang efektif. Tinja berpotensi membawa bakteri patogen dan virus. Selain itu, ada potensi kandungan Emerging Micropollutants (EMPs) pada tangki septik meningkat. Sejak pandemi COVID-19, ada peningkatan konsumsi parasetamol sebagai obat gejala demam. Tidak hanya parasetamol, namun konsumsi kopi (kafein) juga meningkat hingga 8% di Indonesia selama masa pandemi. Penelitian EMPs di Indonesia masih terbatas, sehingga potensi bahan pengurai alternatif dalam mengurangi lumpur tinja dan konsentrasi EMPs menarik untuk diteliti. Metode yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini dibagi menjadi 3 tahap. Pada tahap I digunakan 4 merek bahan pengurai yang berbentuk cair dan bubuk untuk mengetahui potensinya dalam menurunkan volume lumpur tinja. Parameter uji yang digunakan adalah Sludge Volume (SV), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), pH, suhu, dan Total Plate Count (TPC). Selanjutnya, pada tahap II digunakan metode survei untuk penelitian pendahuluan dan dilanjutkan dengan High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) untuk menganalisis sampel. Tahap II bertujuan mengetahui konsentrasi EMPs di tangki septik. Pada tahap III dilakukan uji toksisitas dengan Minimun Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) dan uji HPLC. Uji HPLC bertujuan mengetahui penurunan konsentrasi EMPs, sedangkan MIC untuk menguji toksisitasnya terhadap inokulum alami tangki septik dan mikroorganisme bahan pengurai. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dari 4 macam bahan pengurai (Liquid A, Liquid B, Powder A, dan Powder B), Liquid A menunjukkan efisiensi penurunan volume lumpur tinja tertinggi dalam 7 hari pengamatan. Volume lumpur berhasil turun dari 180 mL/L menjadi 135 mL/L. Selain itu, Liquid A memiliki biaya penggunaan terendah untuk setiap interval tiga atau enam bulan dalam kurun waktu tiga tahun. Namun, pada pengujian selama 70 hari didapatkan bahwa terjadi pengingkatan SV maupun TSS. Hal ini menunjukkan sampel tangki septik masih belum stabil walaupun sudah ditambahkan bahan pengurai. Pada tahap II, survei menunjukkan variabel sosial-demografis tidak mempengaruhi konsentrasi EMPs di tangki septik. Empat sampel tangki septik yang diuji menunjukkan konsentrasi parasetamol yang tinggi, mencapai 15,54 mg/L, sementara kafein tidak terdeteksi. Walaupun degradasi anaerobik tidak optimal, kafein masih lebih mudah terurai dibandingkan parasetamol dalam kondisi serupa. Deteksi parasetamol dalam sampel menjadi dasar dilakukannya pengujian tahap III, yaitu MIC. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kadar parasetamol (8–64 mg/L) meningkatkan penghambatan terhadap pertumbuhan mikroorganisme alami tangki septik. Meskipun demikian, pertumbuhan mikroorganisme tidak sepenuhnya terhenti pada konsentrasi parasetamol tertinggi yang diuji. Paparan parasetamol terbukti menurunkan aktivitas biodegradasi inokulum alami. Namun, penambahan Liquid A menunjukkan potensi protektif, walaupun Liquid A tidak sepenuhnya menjamin viabilitas jangka panjang pada konsentrasi parasetamol yang ekstrem (64 mg/L). Secara keseluruhan, Liquid A menunjukkan efektivitas paling tinggi dari keempat bahan pengurai yang diuji. Liquid A menunjukkan kemampuan yang baik dalam mereduksi volume lumpur tinja dan memiliki efisiensi biaya penggunaan yang murah. Walaupun hasilnya masih belum stabil pada uji 70 hari, namun Liquid A menunjukkan potensi tambahan di luar fungsi utamanya dalam mengurangi lumpur pada tangki septik. Liquid A berpotensi membantu menurunkan konsentrasi parasetamol. Selain itu, produk Liquid A tetap menjadi bahan pengurai paling efektif, sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam klaim produsen. Klaim tersebut menyebutkan bahwa dalam kurun waktu kurang dari 7 hari, Liquid A mampu mendegradasi lumpur pada tangki septik. Pernyataan ini terbukti secara empiris, meskipun pengurangan volume lumpur belum terjadi secara menyeluruh. Di sisi lain, deteksi parasetamol yang tinggi pada tangki septik menandakan potensi pencemaran EMPs. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya efek penghambatan pertumbuhan oleh parasetamol terhadap mikroorganisme indigenous tangki septik. Pada kondisi dengan konsentrasi parasetamol tinggi, penggunaan Liquid A dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan efektivitas yang terbatas dalam mereduksi volume lumpur. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penelitian lanjutan dalam skala pilot atau uji lapangan guna mengevaluasi efektivitas produk secara lebih komprehensif.
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Fecal contamination in Indonesia is an interesting topic for research. Moreover, due to the lack of interest in this topic, fecal-related problems have become widespread. According to UNICEF, fecal contamination to household water sources in Indonesia reaches 70%. This problem is partly caused by the inadequacy of septic tanks, coupled with people’s habits and willingness to pay for regular desludging services that are considered expensive. There are many decomposers available in the market, however, their effectiveness needs to be tested. Fecal matter has the potential to carry pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Additionally, there is a potential increase in the concentration of Emerging Micropollutants (EMPs) in septic tanks. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in the consumption of paracetamol as a fever-reducing medication. Not only paracetamol, but coffee (caffeine) consumption has also increased by 8% in Indonesia during the pandemic. Research on EMPs in Indonesia is still limited, so the potential of decomposer to reduce fecal sludge and EMP concentrations is worth to be investigated. The methods used in this study are divided into three stages. In Stage I, four brands of liquid and powdered decomposer were used to assess their potential in reducing fecal sludge volume. The parameters were Sludge Volume (SV), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, temperature, and Total Plate Count (TPC) the tested decomposers were Liquid A, Liquid B, Powder A, and Powder B. In stage II, a survey method was used for preliminary research, followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to analyze the samples. Stage II aimed to determine the concentration of EMPs in septic tanks. In phase III, toxicity tests were conducted using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and HPLC. HPLC analysis was used to determine the decrease in EMP concentration, while MIC was used to test toxicity against natural septic tank inoculum and decomposer microorganisms. The results of the study, were explained below, Liquid A showed the highest efficiency in reducing fecal sludge volume over the seven days of observation. The volume of sludge successfully decreased from 180 mL/L to 135 mL/L. Moreover, Liquid A had the lowest cost per three- or six-month interval over a three-year period. However, during the 70-day testing period, an increase in SV and TSS was observed. This indicated that the septic tank samples remained unstable even after the addition of the decomposer. However, the function of adding Liquid A as a decomposer was identified in the subsequent stages. In the stage II, field surveys showed there was no correlation between social-demographic variabel and EMPs concentration in septik tank. The four septic tank samples analyzed showed high paracetamol concentrations, reaching 15.54 mg/L, while caffeine was not detected. Even though an anaerobic degradation was not optimal, there was faster anaerobic degradation of caffeine compared to paracetamol. The detection of paracetamol in the samples served as the basis for conducting the third stage of testing, namely MIC. The results showed that an increase in paracetamol concentration (8–64 mg/L) enhanced inhibition of the growth of indigenous septic tank microorganisms. However, microbial growth was not completely halted at the highest paracetamol concentration tested. Exposure to paracetamol was found to reduce the biodegradation activity of the indigenous microorganisms. However, the addition of Liquid A showed protective potential, although Liquid A did not fully guarantee long-term viability at extreme paracetamol concentrations (64 mg/L). Overall, Liquid A showed the highest effectiveness among the four tested decomposers. Liquid A showed good ability to reduce fecal sludge volume and has cost-effective usage efficiency. Although the results were still unstable in the 70-day test, Liquid A demonstrated additional potential beyond its primary function in reducing sludge in septic tanks. Liquid A has the potential to help reduce paracetamol concentrations. Additionally, Liquid A remains the most effective decomposer, as claimed by the manufacturer. The claim stated that within less than 7 days, Liquid A can degrade sludge in septic tanks. This claim is empirically proven, although the reduction in sludge volume has not yet occurred completely. On the other hand, the high detection of paracetamol in septic tanks indicates the potential for EMP contamination. The results of this study showed an inhibitory effect of paracetamol on the growth of indigenous microorganisms in septic tanks. Under conditions with high paracetamol concentrations, the use of Liquid A in this study showed limited effectiveness in reducing sludge volume. Therefore, further research on a pilot scale or field testing would be highly interesting to conduct in the future.

Item Type:	Thesis (Doctoral)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Bahan pengurai, emerging micropollutants (EMPs), lumpur tinja, tangki septik, toksisitas, Decomposer, emerging micropollutants (EMPs), fecal sudge, septic tank, toxicity.
Subjects:	Q Science > QR Microbiology T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD756.45 Anaerobic treatment T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD767.7 Sewage sludge treatment and disposal
Divisions:	Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning > Environment Engineering > 25001-(S3) PhD Thesis
Depositing User:	Widhowati Kesoema Wardhani
Date Deposited:	05 Aug 2025 11:56
Last Modified:	05 Aug 2025 11:56
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/126687

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