Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Carriers: A Quantitative Risk Assessment Of The Containment System And Injection Process

Hermawan, Michiko Laura Sandiva (2025) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Carriers: A Quantitative Risk Assessment Of The Containment System And Injection Process. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Seiring meningkatnya urgensi dalam menanggulangi emisi karbon global, penerapan teknologi Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) menjadi suatu kebutuhan yang krusial. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada penilaian risiko terhadap integritas kontainmen karbon dioksida (CO2) selama fase transportasi dari Pembangkit Listrik Suralaya menuju lokasi penyimpanan lepas pantai di reservoir Offshore North West Java (ONWJ) dengan menggunakan kapal pengangkut karbon dioksida cair. Dengan komitmen Indonesia untuk menurunkan emisi sebesar 29% pada tahun 2030, integrasi sistem transportasi CO2 ke dalam strategi nasional CCUS menawarkan solusi yang fleksibel dan adaptif. Sebuah studi kelayakan ekonomi secara menyeluruh telah dilakukan guna mengevaluasi pembangunan kapal LCO2 dan Floating Storage and Injection Unit (FSIU). Berdasarkan skenario dasar (base case), proyek ini menghasilkan Net Present Value (NPV) sebesar Rp 2,4 trilliun, internal rate of return (IRR) sebesar 11%, serta periode pengembalian investasi (payback period) selama 9 tahun, yang secara keseluruhan menunjukkan kelayakan secara ekonomi. Analisis sensitivitas kemudian dilakukan terhadap berbagai parameter utama, yaitu harga jual CO2, jumlah pengiriman tiap tahunnya, serta biaya operasional (OPEX). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa nilai NPV paling sensitif terhadap fluktuasi harga jual CO2, yang mengindikasikan pentingnya penerapan skenario harga yang meningkat dalam proyek-proyek serupa di masa mendatang. Dari aspek keselamatan, penilaian risiko dilakukan terhadap proses injeksi CO2 di lokasi ONWJ. Dua mode kegagalan utama berhasil diidentifikasi, yakni rendahnya injectivity dan terjadinya efek Joule-Thomson (JT). Risiko-risiko ini kemudian dipetakan ke dalam matriks risiko yang merujuk pada standar BS EN 60812, dan strategi mitigasi seperti pengendalian laju injeksi disusun guna menurunkan tingkat risikonya. Penilaian risiko terhadap potensi kehilangan kontainmen selama transportasi juga dilakukan, dengan fokus pada empat node utama, yaitu onshore tank, pipa transfer, tangki penyimpanan kapal LCO2 serta FSIU. Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) disusun dan dianalisis menggunakan metode Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) dan Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) untuk mengidentifikasi skenario kehilangan kontainmen. Simulasi ALOHA digunakan untuk memodelkan dampak asfiksia akibat pelepasan CO2, dan risiko fatalitas yang dihasilkan dipetakan ke dalam kurva F-N dengan merujuk pada standar UK HSE. Hasil pemetaan menunjukkan bahwa seluruh node berada dalam kategori risiko yang tidak dapat diterima. Sebagai langkah mitigasi, berbagai strategi dikaji dan dibandingkan melalui Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA). Dari seluruh opsi yang dianalisis, pemasangan detektor gas CO2 menunjukkan Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) tertinggi secara konsisten, sehingga direkomendasikan sebagai strategi mitigasi yang paling efektif dan layak diterapkan.
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As the urgency to address global carbon emissions intensifies, the implementation of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) becomes essential. This study focuses on the risk assessment of CO2 containment throughout the transportation phase from the Suralaya power plant to the offshore storage in the Offshore North West Java (ONWJ) reservoir using a liquefied carbon dioxide (LCO2) carrier. With Indonesia targeting a 29% reduction in emissions by 2030, integrating CO2 transport into the national CCUS strategy offers an adaptable solution. A comprehensive economic feasibility study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of constructing an LCO2 carrier and Floating Storage and Injection Unit (FSIU). Under base case scenarios, the project yields a Net Present Value (NPV) of IDR 2.4 trillion, an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 11%, and a payback period of 9 years, thus confirming its economic viability. A sensitivity analysis was then carried out to test the project’s sensitivity against various parameters: CO2 selling price, number of trips conducted annually, and operating expenditure (OPEX). The results highlight NPV is most sensitive to the CO2 selling price, emphasizing the need to adopt increasing pricing scenarios in future projects. In terms of safety, a risk assessment was conducted for the CO2 injection process at the ONWJ site. The results identified two significant failure modes: poor injectivity and the Joule-Thomson (JT) effect. These were then plotted onto a risk matrix (which refers to the BS EN 60812 standards) and eventually given mitigation strategies (i.e. controlling injection rates) to reduce the risk level. The study also assessed the containment risk during the transport, focusing on four nodes: onshore tank, transfer line, LCO2 carrier storage tank, and the FSIU. A piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) was developed and analyzed using HAZOP and a Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) to identify loss of containment scenarios. ALOHA simulations were used to model asphyxiation consequences and fatalities were mapped onto an F-N curve (referring to the UK HSE standards) which revealed that all nodes fall within the intolerable region. Mitigation strategies were proposed and compared using Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA). However, installing CO2 detectors consistently showed the highest Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), making it the most recommended mitigation strategy.

Item Type: Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords: Penangkapan, Pemanfaatan, dan Penyimpanan Karbon (CCUS), Injeksi Karbon Dioksida (CO₂), Kelayakan Ekonomi, Kapal Pengangkut LCO₂, Penilaian Risiko, Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS), Carbon dioxide (CO2) Injection, Economic Feasibility, LCO2 Carrier, Risk Assessment
Subjects: T Technology > T Technology (General) > T174.5 Technology--Risk assessment.
T Technology > T Technology (General) > T55.3.H3 Hazardous substances--Safety measures.
T Technology > T Technology (General) > T57.74 Linear programming
T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD171.75 Climate change mitigation
T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD761 Deep-well injection
T Technology > TN Mining engineering. Metallurgy > TN24 Aquifers
T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP343 Liquid and gaseous fuel
Divisions: Faculty of Marine Technology (MARTECH) > Marine Engineering > 36202-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User: Michiko Laura Sandiva Hermawan
Date Deposited: 05 Aug 2025 06:45
Last Modified: 05 Aug 2025 06:45
URI: http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/127034

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