Evaluation of Onshore Power Supply (OPS) Utilization to Achieve Carbon Emissions Reduction Targets in the Shipping Sector

Yulianto, Bobby (2025) Evaluation of Onshore Power Supply (OPS) Utilization to Achieve Carbon Emissions Reduction Targets in the Shipping Sector. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Penelitian ini mengevaluasi adopsi dan pemanfaatan sistem Onshore Power Supply (OPS) di pelabuhan-pelabuhan Indonesia sebagai upaya untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dari sektor pelayaran. Meskipun instalasi infrastruktur OPS terus meningkat di beberapa pelabuhan, tingkat pemanfaatannya masih sangat rendah, yang menunjukkan adanya paradoks kontekstual di mana fasilitas yang tersedia tidak digunakan secara optimal. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan metode campuran, yang menggabungkan survei kuantitatif terhadap perusahaan pelayaran dengan wawancara semi-terstruktur kualitatif terhadap pemangku kepentingan utama, termasuk otoritas pemerintah, penyedia fasilitas OPS, asosiasi pemilik kapal, dan perusahaan pelayaran. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis berbagai hambatan yang menghalangi adopsi dan pemanfaatan OPS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya empat kategori hambatan utama: finansial, teknis-operasional, regulasi, dan sosial. Hambatan finansial, khususnya biaya modal yang tinggi untuk retrofit kapal dan tarif listrik yang relatif tidak kompetitif dibandingkan dengan generator di atas kapal, muncul sebagai kendala paling signifikan. Hal ini diikuti oleh masalah teknis, seperti ketidaksesuaian frekuensi dan tegangan, ketidakcukupan infrastruktur, dan transisi daya yang tidak andal. Hambatan regulasi, yang dicirikan oleh peraturan yang bersifat anjuran tanpa mandat yang mengikat dan koordinasi kelembagaan yang terfragmentasi, lebih lanjut menghambat adopsi. Sementara itu, hambatan sosial mencakup rendahnya kesadaran, penolakan terhadap perubahan, dan kurangnya tekanan eksternal dari kerangka kerja lingkungan atau tata kelola perusahaan.
Berdasarkan hasil analisis, studi ini menekankan pentingnya strategi yang terpadu, mencakup standardisasi spesifikasi teknis dan modernisasi infrastruktur OPS, skema tarif yang kompetitif, insentif fiskal yang ditargetkan (termasuk subsidi retrofit dan pengurangan biaya pelabuhan), regulasi yang mengikat secara hukum dengan mekanisme penegakan, koordinasi multi sektor antara pemangku kepentingan pemerintah dan industri maritim, serta program edukasi terfokus untuk mengubah persepsi sosial dan mendorong praktik berkelanjutan. Secara praktis, penelitian ini menawarkan peta jalan komprehensif bagi para pembuat kebijakan dan praktisi industri untuk secara efektif meningkatkan pemanfaatan OPS, sehingga memajukan sektor maritim Indonesia menuju target emisi karbon dan pertumbuhan berkelanjutan.
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This thesis evaluates the adoption and utilization of Onshore Power Supply (OPS) systems within Indonesian ports as a critical strategy for reducing carbon emissions from the maritime shipping sector. Despite the increasing installation of OPS infrastructure across major ports, actual utilization rates remain substantially low, revealing a contextual paradox where available facilities are significantly underused. This study employs a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative surveys of shipping companies with qualitative semi-structured interviews from key stakeholders—including government authorities, port operators, OPS providers, shipowners, and shipping companies—to identify and analyze the multifaceted barriers impeding OPS deployment. The research reveals four primary barrier categories: financial, technical-operational, regulatory, and social. Financial constraints, particularly the high capital costs of retrofitting vessels and relatively uncompetitive electricity tariffs compared to onboard generators, emerge as the most significant obstacle, closely followed by technical issues such as frequency and voltage incompatibility, infrastructure inadequacy, and unreliable power transitions. Regulatory barriers, characterized by advisory regulations without binding mandates and fragmented institutional coordination, further impede adoption. Social barriers include low awareness, resistance to change, and a lack of external pressure from environmental or corporate governance frameworks. Through comprehensive analysis, this study emphasizes the essential need for integrated strategies, including standardized technical specifications and OPS infrastructure modernization, competitive tariff schemes, targeted fiscal incentives including retrofit subsidies and port fee reductions, legally binding regulations with enforcement mechanisms, multi-sector coordination among governmental and industry stakeholders, and focused education programs to transform social perceptions and encourage sustainable practices. Practically, the research offers a comprehensive roadmap for policymakers and industry practitioners to effectively increase OPS uptake, thereby advancing Indonesia’s maritime sector toward carbon emission targets and sustainable growth.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Onshore Power Supply (OPS), Pengurangan Emisi Maritim, Hambatan Adopsi OPS, Pemanfaatan OPS, Penelitian Metode Campuran, Dekarbonisasi Maritim ======================================================================================================================== Onshore Power Supply (OPS), Maritime Emission Reduction, OPS Adoption Barriers, OPS Utilization, Mixed-Methods Research, Maritime Decarbonization
Subjects:	V Naval Science > VM Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering > VM471 Ships--Electric equipment
Divisions:	Faculty of Marine Technology (MARTECH) > Marine Transportation Engineering > 21209-(S2) Master Thesis
Depositing User:	Bobby Yulianto
Date Deposited:	25 Sep 2025 06:27
Last Modified:	25 Sep 2025 06:27
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/128364

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