Indonesia Flag State Special Inspection to Reduce Ship Detention by Port State Control Under Tokyo Mou Regime

Patuan Rum, Dirajaya (2025) Indonesia Flag State Special Inspection to Reduce Ship Detention by Port State Control Under Tokyo Mou Regime. Masters thesis, Institut Sepuluh November Surabaya.

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Abstract

Penelitian ini menelaah efektivitas sistem Flag State Inspection (FSI) Indonesia dalam mengurangi penahanan kapal di bawah rezim Port State Control (PSC) Tokyo Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). Penelitian ini mengintegrasikan analisis data kuantitatif terhadap 54 kapal berbendera Indonesia yang ditahan antara tahun 2019 hingga 2024, dengan total 262 defisiensi, serta wawancara kualitatif dengan otoritas Flag State, Flag State Inspector, dan petugas PSC di pelabuhan utama Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan berbasis risiko dari New Inspection Regime (NIR) Tokyo MoU, penelitian ini mengklasifikasikan kapal ke dalam kategori Risiko Tinggi, Standar, dan Rendah berdasarkan umur kapal, jenis kapal, kinerja perusahaan, serta riwayat defisiensi dan penahanan. Interval inspeksi disesuaikan dengan tingkat risiko, berkisar antara 2–4 bulan untuk kapal berisiko tinggi hingga 9–18 bulan untuk kapal berisiko rendah, sehingga memungkinkan alokasi sumber daya yang lebih efektif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa defisiensi yang paling sering mengakibatkan penahanan terkait dengan keselamatan kebakaran (23,3%), sertifikat dan dokumentasi (12,6%), serta alat penyelamat jiwa (11,5%), yang mencerminkan kelemahan kritis dalam pemeliharaan teknis, kepatuhan administratif, dan kesiapsiagaan darurat. Faktor lain yang berkontribusi termasuk penurunan kondisi kapal setelah pergantian kepemilikan, standar pemeliharaan yang tidak konsisten, serta keterbatasan kompetensi awak kapal terkait konvensi internasional dan kemampuan berbahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa 92,5% kapal diklasifikasikan sebagai berisiko tinggi, mencerminkan armada dengan defisiensi signifikan, penahanan yang sering, dan usia rata-rata kapal yang lebih tua sehingga meningkatkan risiko operasional. Wawancara mengungkapkan adanya inkonsistensi prosedural akibat ketergantungan pada surat edaran alih-alih regulasi menteri yang mengikat, serta absennya Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) nasional yang menghambat kualitas inspeksi, koordinasi, dan pemantauan real-time antar kantor regional. Untuk menghadapi tantangan tersebut, para pemangku kepentingan merekomendasikan penetapan tolok ukur kuantitatif yang jelas, pembentukan regulasi menteri yang mengikat, serta integrasi pelaporan inspeksi ke dalam platform digital terpusat secara real-time. Penguatan kapasitas melalui pelatihan bersama antara Flag State Inspector dan petugas PSC, forum berbagi pengetahuan, serta kampanye inspeksi berbasis risiko juga penting untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan konsistensi inspeksi. Selain itu, saluran komunikasi dua arah dengan pemilik kapal, Recognized Organizations (RO), dan awak kapal sangat penting untuk mengumpulkan masukan konstruktif yang mendorong perbaikan kepatuhan secara berkesinambungan. Dengan mengintegrasikan profil risiko, analisis data sistematis, dan keterlibatan pemangku kepentingan, penelitian ini menyajikan kerangka kerja komprehensif untuk memperkuat sistem Flag State Inspection Indonesia. Strategi yang direkomendasikan bertujuan untuk mengurangi penahanan, meningkatkan kepatuhan kapal, dan mempertahankan status Indonesia pada Whitelist Tokyo MoU, sehingga berkontribusi terhadap keselamatan maritim dan kredibilitas regulasi.
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This research examines the effectiveness of Indonesia’s Flag State Inspection (FSI) system in reducing ship detentions under the Port State Control (PSC) Tokyo Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) regime. The research integrates quantitative data analysis of 54 Indonesian-flagged ships detained between 2019 and 2024, with a total of 262 deficiencies, along with qualitative interviews with Flag State authorities, Flag State Inspectors, and PSC officers at major Indonesian ports. Using the risk-based approach of the Tokyo MoU’s New Inspection Regime (NIR), this study classifies ships into High, Standard, and Low-Risk categories based on ship age, ship type, company performance, and deficiency and detention history. Inspection intervals are adjusted according to risk levels, ranging from 2–4 months for high-risk ships to 9–18 months for low-risk ships thereby enabling more effective resource allocation. The findings indicate that the most frequent detainable deficiencies relate to fire safety (23.3%), certificates and documentation (12.6%), and lifesaving appliances (11.5%), reflecting critical weaknesses in technical maintenance, administrative compliance, and emergency preparedness. Other contributing factors include the deterioration of ship condition following ownership changes, inconsistent maintenance standards, and crew members' limited competence regarding international conventions and English language proficiency. The study also found that 92.5% of ships were classified as high-risk, reflecting a fleet facing significant deficiencies, frequent detentions, and an older average ship age that increases operational risk. Interviews highlighted procedural inconsistencies due to reliance on circular letters rather than binding ministerial regulations, as well as the absence of a national Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), which inhibits inspection quality, coordination, and real-time monitoring among regional offices. To address these challenges, stakeholders recommend establishing clear quantitative benchmarks, creating binding ministerial regulations, and integrating inspection reporting into a centralized, real-time digital platform. Capacity building through joint training between Flag State Inspectors and PSC officers, knowledge-sharing forums, and risk-based inspection campaigns is also essential to improve inspection quality and consistency. Furthermore, open two-way communication channels with shipowners, Recognized Organizations (RO), and crews are vital to gather constructive feedback that encourages continuous compliance improvement. By integrating risk-based profiling, systematic data analysis, and stakeholder engagement, this study presents a comprehensive framework to strengthen Indonesia’s Flag State Inspection system. The recommended strategies aim to reduce detentions, enhance ship compliance, and maintain Indonesia’s Whitelist status under the Tokyo MoU, thereby contributing to maritime safety and regulatory credibility.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Flag State Inspection, Port State Control, Tokyo MoU, New Inspection Regime (NIR), Penahanan kapal, Inspeksi berbasis risiko, Keselamatan maritim ======================================================================================================================== Flag State Inspection, Port State Control, Tokyo MoU, New Inspection Regime (NIR), Ship detentions; Risk-based inspection; Maritime safety
Subjects:	V Naval Science > VM Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering > VM293 Shipping--Indonesia--Safety measures
Divisions:	Faculty of Marine Technology (MARTECH) > Marine Transportation Engineering > 21209-(S2) Master Thesis
Depositing User:	Dirajaya Patuan Rum
Date Deposited:	26 Sep 2025 06:40
Last Modified:	26 Sep 2025 06:40
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/128439

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