Analisis Pengaruh Doping Chloride Pada Katoda Na3MnTi(PO4)3 Terhadap Struktur Kristal, Morfologi, dan Performa Elektrokimia Sodium-Ion Battery (SIB)

Afif, Moh. Azmi (2026) Analisis Pengaruh Doping Chloride Pada Katoda Na3MnTi(PO4)3 Terhadap Struktur Kristal, Morfologi, dan Performa Elektrokimia Sodium-Ion Battery (SIB). Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Baterai sodium-ion (Sodium-Ion Battery, SIB) merupakan alternatif potensial pengganti baterai lithium-ion karena ketersediaan bahan baku natrium yang melimpah dan biaya produksi yang lebih rendah. Namun, keterbatasan densitas energi dan stabilitas siklus masih menjadi tantangan utama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh doping klorida (Cl⁻) terhadap karakteristik struktur dan performa elektrokimia katoda Na₃MnTi(PO₄)₃₋ₓCl₃ₓ. Material katoda disintesis menggunakan metode sol-gel dan dikalsinasi pada suhu 650 °C selama 12 jam dalam atmosfer argon. Karakterisasi struktur dan morfologi dilakukan menggunakan X-ray Diffraction (XRD) serta Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX). Sementara itu, performa elektrokimia dievaluasi melalui Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge (GCD), dan Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) menggunakan konfigurasi half-cell tipe CR2032.Hasil XRD menunjukkan pergeseran puncak difraksi ke sudut 2θ yang lebih kecil serta peningkatan parameter kisi seiring penambahan dopan Cl⁻, yang mengindikasikan terjadinya mekanisme doping secara substitusi dalam struktur NASICON. Analisis SEM/EDX memperlihatkan distribusi unsur yang homogen dan morfologi yang lebih berpori akibat distorsi kisi dan pembentukan cacat kristal. Secara elektrokimia, sampel NMTPCl–0.2 menunjukkan performa terbaik dengan nilai resistansi transfer muatan terendah (Rct ≈ 160 Ω) serta kapasitas charge/discharge tertinggi sebesar 104/101 mAh/g pada C-rate 0,1C. Peningkatan performa ini berkaitan dengan kinetika difusi ion Na⁺ yang lebih cepat serta kontribusi pasangan redoks Mn²⁺/Mn³⁺, Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺, dan Ti³⁺/Ti⁴⁺. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa doping Cl⁻ efektif dalam meningkatkan kinerja katoda baterai sodium-ion.
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Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the abundant availability of sodium resources and their lower production costs. However, limitations in energy density and cycling stability remain significant challenges. This study aims to evaluate the effect of chloride (Cl⁻) doping on the structural characteristics and electrochemical performance of Na₃MnTi(PO₄)₃₋ₓCl₃ₓ cathode materials. The cathode materials were synthesized via the sol–gel method and subsequently calcined at 650 °C for 12 h under an argon atmosphere. Structural and morphological characterizations were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). The electrochemical performance was investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements using a CR2032 half-cell configuration. The XRD results reveal a shift of diffraction peaks toward lower 2θ angles accompanied by an expansion of lattice parameters with increasing Cl⁻ content, indicating a substitutional doping mechanism within the NASICON structure. SEM/EDX analysis confirms a homogeneous elemental distribution and a more porous morphology, which can be attributed to lattice distortion and the formation of crystal defects induced by Cl⁻ incorporation. Electrochemically, the NMTPCl–0.2 sample exhibits the best performance, showing the lowest charge-transfer resistance (Rct ≈ 160 Ω) and the highest charge/discharge capacities of 104/101 mAh g⁻¹ at a C-rate of 0.1C. The enhanced electrochemical behavior is associated with accelerated Na⁺ ion diffusion kinetics and the contribution of multiple redox couples, including Mn²⁺/Mn³⁺, Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺, and Ti³⁺/Ti⁴⁺. These results demonstrate that Cl⁻ doping is an effective strategy to improve the performance of sodium-ion battery cathodes.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Anion, Baterai sodium-ion, katoda NASICON, doping klorida, Sol-gel. Anion, Sodium-ion battery, NASICON cathode, chloride doping, Sol-gel.
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK2941 Storage batteries
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Material & Metallurgical Engineering > 28201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Afif Moh. Azmi
Date Deposited:	23 Jan 2026 02:22
Last Modified:	23 Jan 2026 02:22
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/130098

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