Farahdibah, Athirah (2026) Pengaruh Waktu Pretreatment Metode Autoklaf-Alkali dan Penambahan Agen Bleaching H₂O₂-(CH₃CO)₂ pada Ekstraksi Selulosa Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Indonesia menyumbang sekitar 60% pasokan global minyak sawit dengan produksi mencapai 47,08 juta ton per tahun, yang menghasilkan limbah padat berupa tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) sekitar 22–23% dari tandan buah segar. TKKS merupakan biomassa lignoselulosa dengan kandungan selulosa sebesar 43,57% yang dapat diekstraksi untuk diperoleh selulosa murni. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengekstraksi selulosa dari TKKS melalui kombinasi pretreatment autoklaf–alkali dan bleaching menggunakan campuran H₂O₂–anhidra asetat guna meningkatkan kemurnian dan kristalinitas selulosa. Variasi yang dikaji meliputi waktu pretreatment (30, 45, dan 60 menit) serta konsentrasi anhidra asetat (1, 2, dan 3%). Variasi waktu pretreatment menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan waktu pretreatment meningkatkan derajat kristalinitas selulosa dari 48,84% (W30), 51,26 (W45) menjadi 53,68% (W60). Selanjutnya tahap bleaching dilakukan guna meningkatkan kemurnian selulosa secara signifikan, dengan kondisi optimum diperoleh pada variasi anhidra asetat 3% (W60/AA3) dengan kemurnian selulosa sebesar 85,64 ± 0,28% dan kristalinitas 62,07%. Karakteristik selulosa yang diperoleh menunjukkan morfologi serat memanjang dan permukaan lebih terbuka dengan diameter fibril terkecil sebesar 39,10 µm. Karakteristik termal yang diperoleh turut memperlihatkan peningkatan stabilitas termal, ditandai dengan pergeseran suhu awal dekomposisi dari 232,35 °C menjadi 257,25 °C serta kenaikan suhu puncak dekomposisi dari 320,75 °C menjadi 338,75 °C. Secara keseluruhan, kombinasi metode autoklaf-alkali dan bleaching H₂O₂-anhidra asetat pada kondisi W60/AA3 menghasilkan selulosa berbasis TKKS dengan kemurnian dan karakteristik paling optimal.
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Indonesia contributes approximately 60% of the global palm oil supply, with an annual production of about 47.08 million tons, generating solid waste in the form of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) at around 22–23% of fresh fruit bunches. OPEFB is a lignocellulosic biomass containing 43.57% cellulose, which can be extracted to obtain purified cellulose. This study aimed to extract cellulose from OPEFB through a combination of autoclave–alkaline pretreatment and bleaching using a hydrogen peroxide–acetic anhydride (H₂O₂–Ac₂O) mixture to enhance cellulose purity and crystallinity. The investigated parameters included pretreatment time (30, 45, and 60 min) and acetic anhydride concentration (1, 2, and 3%). Variation in pretreatment time showed that prolonged pretreatment increased the cellulose crystallinity from 48.84% (W30) and 51.26% (W45) to 53.68% (W60). Subsequent bleaching significantly improved cellulose purity, with optimal conditions achieved at 3% acetic anhydride (W60/AA3), yielding a cellulose purity of 85.64 ± 0.28% and a crystallinity index of 62.07%. The extracted cellulose exhibited an elongated fibrous morphology with a more open surface structure and a minimum fibril diameter of 39.10 µm. Thermal characterization further indicated enhanced thermal stability, as evidenced by an increase in the onset decomposition temperature from 232.35 °C to 257.25 °C and a rise in the maximum decomposition temperature from 320.75 °C to 338.75 °C. Overall, the combined autoclave–alkaline pretreatment and H₂O₂–acetic anhydride bleaching under W60/AA3 conditions produced OPEFB-based cellulose with the highest purity and the most optimal physicochemical characteristics.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Other) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Anhidra asetat, Autoklaf-Alkali, Pretreatment, Selulosa, TKKS, Acetic Anhydride, Autoclave-Alkaline, Cellulose, Pretreatment, EFB. |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD251.2 Chemistry, Organic. Biochemistry |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Material & Metallurgical Engineering > 28201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis |
| Depositing User: | Athirah Farahdibah |
| Date Deposited: | 23 Jan 2026 00:02 |
| Last Modified: | 23 Jan 2026 00:02 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/130104 |
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