Re-engineering Dengan Implementasi PWM dan Sistem Kontrol Arduino Pada Mesin CNC 2 Sumbu Berbasis Open Source

Widodo, Widodo (2026) Re-engineering Dengan Implementasi PWM dan Sistem Kontrol Arduino Pada Mesin CNC 2 Sumbu Berbasis Open Source. Doctoral thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Peraturan Presiden Nomor 68 Tahun 2022 tentang revitalisasi pendidikan dan pelatihan vokasi menuntut tersedianya sarana pembelajaran yang sejalan dengan perkembangan teknologi industri manufaktur. Namun, pendidikan vokasi bidang teknik mesin, khususnya di Provinsi Kepulauan Riau, masih menghadapi keterbatasan signifikan terhadap ketersediaan mesin Computer Numerical Control (CNC). Kondisi ini menyebabkan beban pemanfaatan mesin melebihi kapasitas idealnya, meningkatkan risiko kerusakan, serta menurunkan efektivitas pembelajaran dan ketercapaian kompetensi lulusan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan solusi yang aplikatif, ekonomis, dan berkelanjutan untuk menjembatani kesenjangan teknologi tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan memvalidasi sistem retrofit pada mesin turn drill HQ 400 dan CNC EMCO TU-2A agar mampu beroperasi dengan kinerja dan akurasi yang mendekati standar. Selain itu, penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan Conceive Design Implement Operate (CDIO), yang mencakup analisis kebutuhan pengguna, perancangan dan fabrikasi sistem mekanik dan kontrol, serta pengujian dan evaluasi kinerja. Sistem kontrol dirancang berbasis Mach-3 yang diintegrasikan dengan mikrokontroler Arduino dan pulse width modulation (PWM) untuk mengendalikan sistem auto tool change (ATC) dan variasi kecepatan spindle. Validasi teknis geometric dan backlash mengacu ke standar ISO 13041-6 dan JIS B6190. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa mesin HQ 400 hasil retrofit memiliki konsumsi arus yang stabil pada kisaran 1,8–2,0 A untuk berbagai jenis pemotongan. Pada EMCO TU-2A, sistem ATC berbasis Arduino mampu merespons perintah Mach-3 secara presisi, sementara PWM dapat memvariasikan kecepatan spindle hingga 750 rpm. Variasi feeding 50–75 mm/menit dan kedalaman pemakanan 0,1–1,0 mm menghasilkan getaran 0,038–0,150 g dan akurasi kesilindrisan 0,02–0,16 mm (IT7–IT11) serta hasil uji ANOVA mengonfirmasi pengaruh signifikan parameter proses terhadap kualitas pemesinan. Dengan demikian, retrofit mesin CNC berbasis open source ini memenuhi kinerja yang mendekati standar dengan penghematan biaya yang substansial, sehingga memperkuat kompetensi siswa vokasi, kemandirian teknologi, dan daya saing industri nasional.
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Presidential Regulation No. 68 of 2022 concerning the revitalization of vocational education and training requires the availability of learning facilities that are in line with developments in manufacturing technology. However, vocational education in the field of mechanical engineering, particularly in the Riau Islands Province, still faces significant limitations in terms of the availability of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines. This situation causes the utilization of machines to exceed their ideal capacity, increasing the risk of damage and reducing the effectiveness of learning and the achievement of graduate competencies. Therefore, an applicable, economical, and sustainable solution is needed to bridge this technological gap. This study aims to validate the retrofit system on the HQ 400 turn drill and EMCO TU-2A CNC machines so that they can operate with performance and accuracy close to the standard. In addition, this study was conducted using the Conceive Design Implement Operate (CDIO) approach, which includes user requirements analysis, mechanical and control system design and fabrication, as well as performance testing and evaluation. The control system is designed based on Mach-3, which is integrated with an Arduino microcontroller and pulse width modulation (PWM) to control the auto tool change (ATC) system and spindle speed variation. Geometric and backlash technical validation refers to the ISO 13041-6 and JIS B6190 standards. Test results show that the retrofitted HQ 400 machine has stable current consumption in the range of 1.8–2.0 A for various types of cutting. On the EMCO TU-2A, the Arduino-based ATC system is able to respond to Mach-3 commands with precision, while PWM can vary the spindle speed up to 750 rpm. Feeding variations of 50–75 mm/min and cutting depths of 0.1–1.0 mm produced vibrations of 0.038–0.150 g and cylindricity accuracy of 0.02–0.16 mm (IT7–IT11), and ANOVA test results confirmed the significant influence of process parameters on machining quality. Thus, this open-source-based CNC machine retrofit achieves performance close to standard specifications with substantial cost savings, thereby strengthening vocational students' competencies, technological independence, and national industrial competitiveness.

Item Type:	Thesis (Doctoral)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Mesin HQ 400, CNC EMCO TU 2A, retrofit, Arduino, PWM Machine HQ 400
Subjects:	T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ1186 Metal-cutting tools. T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ213 Automatic control. T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ223.P76 Programmable controllers
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Mechanical Engineering > 21001-(S3) PhD Thesis
Depositing User:	Widodo Widodo
Date Deposited:	27 Jan 2026 03:34
Last Modified:	27 Jan 2026 03:35
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/130314

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