Evaluasi Potensi Bahaya Ledakan Debu Arang Biomassa Indonesia Pada Proses Pengolahan Nikel Di Industri Metalurgi

Dewanto, Arie (2025) Evaluasi Potensi Bahaya Ledakan Debu Arang Biomassa Indonesia Pada Proses Pengolahan Nikel Di Industri Metalurgi. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November.

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Abstract

Indonesia merupakan produsen nikel terbesar di dunia dengan cadangan mencapai 55 juta ton pada 2023, di mana proses pengolahan utama menggunakan metode Rotary Kiln-Electric Furnace (RKEF) yang bergantung pada batubara sebagai reduktan dan sumber energi, menghasilkan emisi CO₂ signifikan. Untuk mendukung target net-zero emission pada 2060, arang biomassa dari limbah pertanian seperti tempurung kelapa, cangkang sawit, dan kayu karet diusulkan sebagai pengganti terbarukan. Namun, lingkungan operasi RKEF yang bersuhu tinggi dan intensif mekanis berpotensi menimbulkan bahaya ledakan debu, sementara penelitian tentang karakteristik ledakan material ini masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi parameter ledakan debu arang biomassa Indonesia dibandingkan batubara menggunakan ruang ledakan 20 liter sesuai standar ASTM E1226 dan E1515. Sampel diuji dalam kondisi murni dan campuran dengan debu Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) dari proses RKEF, dengan analisis kimia (XRF, CHNS, TGA-DTA) dan uji ledakan untuk menentukan Minimum Explosible Concentration (MEC), tekanan maksimum (Pmax), dan indeks ledakan (KSt). Hasil menunjukkan arang kayu karet memiliki potensi ledakan lemah (MEC 155 g/m³, KSt 34,8 bar·m/s, kelas St-1), yang meningkat dengan campuran debu ESP (MEC 115 g/m³, KSt 74,14 bar·m/s). Arang tempurung kelapa dan cangkang sawit tidak meledak, dengan reaktivitas lebih rendah daripada batubara. Penggantian batubara dengan arang biomassa umumnya menurunkan risiko ledakan, tetapi memerlukan penyesuaian sistem keselamatan seperti pengendalian campuran debu dan ukuran partikel untuk mencegah ledakan sekunder di peralatan RKEF.
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Indonesia is the world's largest nickel producer, with production reaching 1.6 million tons and reserves estimated at 55 million tons in 2023. Nickel processing primarily employs the Rotary Kiln-Electric Furnace (RKEF) method, which relies heavily on coal as a reductant and energy source, resulting in significant CO₂ emissions. To support the national net-zero emissions target by 2060, biomass charcoal derived from agricultural waste—such as coconut shells, palm kernel shells, and rubber wood—has been identified as a potential renewable substitute. However, the high-temperature, mechanically intensive RKEF environment poses dust explosion hazards, and research on the explosion characteristics of these materials remains limited. This study evaluates the dust explosion parameters of Indonesian biomass charcoal compared to coal using a 20-liter explosion chamber, following ASTM E1226 and E1515 standards. Samples were tested in pure form and mixed with Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) dust from RKEF processes, with chemical analysis (XRF, CHNS, TGA-DTA) and explosion tests determining Minimum Explosible Concentration (MEC), maximum pressure (Pmax), and explosion index (KSt). Results indicate that rubber wood charcoal exhibits weak explosion potential (MEC 155 g/m³, KSt 34.8 bar·m/s, St-1 class), which intensifies when mixed with ESP dust (MEC 115 g/m³, KSt 74.14 bar·m/s). Coconut shell and palm kernel shell charcoals showed no explosions, with lower reactivity than coal. Substituting coal with biomass charcoal generally reduces dust explosion risks, but requires enhanced safety systems, including dust mixture control and particle size management, to prevent secondary explosions in RKEF equipment.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Ledakan debu, arang biomassa, proses RKEF, nikel, keselamatan industri, Dust explosion, biomass charcoal, RKEF process, nickel, industrial safety.
Subjects:	T Technology > TN Mining engineering. Metallurgy > TN799.N6 Nickel--Metallurgy
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Material & Metallurgical Engineering > 27101-(S2) Master Thesis
Depositing User:	Arie Dewanto
Date Deposited:	28 Jan 2026 04:06
Last Modified:	28 Jan 2026 04:06
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/130425

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