Efektivitas Cosntructed Wetland Dengan Ragam Tumbuhan Dalam Mengolah Limbah Tambang Nikel

Lionie, Lionie (2026) Efektivitas Cosntructed Wetland Dengan Ragam Tumbuhan Dalam Mengolah Limbah Tambang Nikel. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Industri nikel Indonesia berkembang pesat, tetapi menghasilkan limbah cair dengan kandungan TSS, Ni, dan Cr⁶⁺ yang sering melampaui baku mutu nasional. Metode pengolahan konvensional seperti sedimentasi tidak cukup efektif menghilangkan logam terlarut tersebut, sehingga constructed wetland muncul sebagai alternatif yang lebih menjanjikan karena menggabungkan proses biologis, kimiawi, dan fisik. Kinerja sistem ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik kimia air limbah, termasuk pH, ORP, DHL, dan DO, yang menentukan spesiasi logam dan efektivitas fitoremediasi. Media tanam juga berperan penting, dan penggunaan slag nikel menawarkan opsi yang lebih ekonomis dibanding top soil. Karena penerapan constructed wetland untuk limbah tambang nikel di Indonesia masih terbatas, penelitian ini diarahkan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas tanaman dan media serta menilai biaya dan kesesuaiannya terhadap regulasi. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi constructed wetland skala pilot untuk mengolah air limbah tambang nikel dari Kolam Watulabu dengan menggunakan kombinasi tumbuhan Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, dan Chrysopogon zizanioides yang ditanam pada media topsoil dan substrat yang dicampur dengan slag nikel. Pendekatan campuran kuantitatif–kualitatif diterapkan untuk menilai kinerja teknis (penghilangan Cr⁶⁺, Cr, Ni, dan Fe), kelayakan ekonomi (biaya operasional dibandingkan dengan pengolahan kimia), serta kesesuaian dengan regulasi lingkungan Indonesia untuk sektor pertambangan nikel. Ketiga jenis makrofit beradaptasi dengan baik terhadap air limbah tambang nikel. Tumbuhan Chrysopogon zizanioides menunjukkan efisiensi penghilangan logam berat tertinggi dengan Cr⁶⁺ 96,19%, Cr 90,98%, Fe 95,84%, Ni 96,02%. Untuk BCF pada setiap tumbuhan memiliki nilai >1 menunjukkan kategori tanaman hiperakumulator, dengan nilai BCF tertinggi pada logam berat Fe. Untuk TF hasilnya variatif, untuk parameter Cr⁶⁺ nilai TF >1 menunjukkan tanaman efisien mengakumulasi logam di tajuk, untuk parameter Cr, Fe, dan Ni nilai TF <1 menunjukkan akumulasi di akar lebih tinggi. Analisis biaya operasional pada konfigurasi terbaik menghasilkan constructed wetland mengurangi biaya pengolahan dari Rp 2.300 menjadi Rp 750 per m³ (penghematan 67%) dibandingkan dengan penggunaan bahan kimia, seiring dengan efluen yang memenuhi baku muku untuk Cr⁶⁺, Cr, Ni, dan Fe.
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Indonesia’s nickel industry is growing rapidly, yet this expansion generates wastewater containing TSS, Ni, and Cr⁶⁺ that frequently exceeds national quality standards. Conventional treatment methods such as sedimentation are not sufficiently effective in removing these dissolved metals, making constructed wetlands a promising alternative due to their integration of biological, chemical, and physical processes. The performance of this system is strongly influenced by the chemical characteristics of the wastewater—including pH, ORP, EC, and DO— which determine metal speciation and the effectiveness of phytoremediation. The choice of planting media also plays a crucial role, with nickel slag offering a more economical option compared with topsoil. Because the application of constructed wetlands for nickel mine wastewater in Indonesia remains limited, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various plant species and media while assessing treatment costs and regulatory compliance. This research evaluates a pilot-scale constructed wetland designed to treat nickel mine wastewater from the Watulabu Pond using a combination of Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, and Chrysopogon zizanioides planted in topsoil and substrates mixed with nickel slag. A mixed quantitative–qualitative approach was applied to assess technical performance (removal of Cr⁶⁺, Cr, Ni, and Fe), economic feasibility (operational costs compared with chemical treatment), and compliance with Indonesian environmental regulations for the nickel mining sector. All three macrophyte species adapted well to the nickel mine wastewater. Chrysopogon zizanioides demonstrated the highest heavy metal removal efficiency, achieving 96.19% for Cr⁶⁺, 90.98% for total Cr, 95.84% for Fe, and 96.02% for Ni. The BCF values for all plants were greater than 1, indicating that they can be categorized as hyperaccumulator species, with the highest BCF observed for Fe. TF values varied: TF > 1 for Cr⁶⁺ indicates efficient translocation to shoots, while TF < 1 for Cr, Fe, and Ni indicates greater accumulation in roots. Operational cost analysis of the best configuration showed that the constructed wetland reduced treatment costs from IDR 2,300 to IDR 750 per m³ (a 67% reduction) compared with chemical treatment, while producing effluent that met quality standards for Cr⁶⁺, Cr, Ni, and Fe.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	air limbah tambang nikel, constructed wetland, logam berat, slag nikel, constructed wetland, heavy metals, nickel mine wastewater, nickel slag
Subjects:	T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD192.75 Phytoremediation.
Divisions:	Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering (CIVPLAN) > Environmental Engineering > 25101-(S2) Master Thesis
Depositing User:	Lionie Lionie Lionie
Date Deposited:	27 Jan 2026 07:30
Last Modified:	27 Jan 2026 07:30
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/130562

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