Budiana, Novita Eka Nur Ilma (2026) Preparasi Selulosa Asetat dengan Asetilasi dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) untuk Pembuatan Bioplastik. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) merupakan limbah biomassa dengan kandungan selulosa sebesar 45,95% yang berpotensi dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku selulosa asetat untuk aplikasi bioplastik. Pada penelitian ini, selulosa dari TKKS berhasil dimodifikasi melalui proses asetilasi menggunakan anhidrida asetat dengan variasi rasio reaktan, suhu, dan waktu reaksi. Selulosa asetat yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi berdasarkan yield, derajat substitusi (DS), dan gugus fungsi menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Kemudian, selulosa asetat diaplikasikan sebagai bahan utama bioplastik dan dianalisis sifat ketahanan air, biodegradasi, serta sifat mekanik melalui uji tarik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum asetilasi diperoleh pada rasio anhidrida asetat terhadap selulosa sebesar 6:1, suhu reaksi 90°C, dan waktu reaksi 100 menit, dengan yield selulosa asetat sebesar 90,68% dan nilai DS sebesar 1,23. Spektrum FTIR menunjukkan terbentuknya gugus asetil yang ditandai dengan munculnya pita serapan karbonil ester dan penurunan intensitas gugus hidroksil. Bioplastik berbasis selulosa asetat pada kondisi optimum menunjukkan ketahanan air sebesar 26%, tingkat biodegradasi sebesar 35%, kuat tarik maksimum 0,2239 MPa, dan elongasi saat putus sebesar 14,35%.
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Empty fruit bunches (EFB) are biomass waste with a cellulose content of 45.95% that has the potential to be used as raw material for cellulose acetate for bioplastic applications. In this study, cellulose from EFB was successfully modified through an acetylation process using acetic anhydride with variations in reactant ratio, temperature, and reaction time. The resulting cellulose acetate was characterized based on yield, degree of substitution (DS), and functional groups using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Then, cellulose acetate was applied as the main material for bioplastics and analyzed for water resistance, biodegradation, and mechanical properties through tensile testing. The results showed that the optimum acetylation conditions were obtained at an acetic anhydride to cellulose ratio of 6:1, a reaction temperature of 90°C, and a reaction time of 100 minutes, with a cellulose acetate yield of 90.68% and a DS value of 1.23. The FTIR spectrum showed the formation of acetyl groups, marked by the appearance of ester carbonyl absorption bands and a decrease in the intensity of hydroxyl groups. Cellulose acetate-based bioplastics under optimal conditions showed water resistance of 26%, a biodegradation rate of 35%, a maximum tensile strength of 0.2239 MPa, and an elongation at break of 14.35%.
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