Sholehah, Riatus (2026) Sintesis Katalis Heterogen Bifungsional BaO/ZnO Berbasis Karbon Aktif Biomassa Dan Evaluasi Parameter Proses Pada Transesterifikasi Minyak Sawit Berbantuan Microwave. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Pemanfaatan biomassa lignoselulosa sebagai sumber karbon aktif dan material pendukung katalis merupakan pendekatan strategis dalam pengembangan teknologi biodiesel yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis katalis heterogen berbasis karbon aktif terimpregnasi logam seng dan barium (BaO-ZnO/AC) dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) serta mengevaluasi kinerjanya pada proses transesterifikasi minyak sawit berbantuan gelombang mikro. Karbon aktif disintesis melalui metode hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) pada suhu 200 °C selama 24 jam, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses aktivasi kimia dan impregnasi logam Zn dan Ba. Karakterisasi katalis dilakukan menggunakan Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), dan X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) untuk mengevaluasi stabilitas termal, gugus fungsi, morfologi, tekstur pori, struktur kristal, dan komposisi unsur katalis. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa katalis BaO-ZnO/AC memiliki struktur mesopori dengan luas permukaan spesifik sebesar 506,314 m²/g, dispersi logam Zn dan Ba yang relatif homogen, serta terbentuknya fase oksida ZnO dan BaO berskala nanokristalin. Uji aktivitas katalis dilakukan dalam reaktor berbantuan gelombang mikro dengan variasi rasio molar metanol terhadap minyak (6:1–18:1), beban katalis (1–6 wt%), dan waktu reaksi (15–120 menit) pada suhu reaksi 60 °C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio metanol terhadap minyak 12:1 dan beban katalis 5 wt% memberikan kinerja reaksi yang optimum, sementara peningkatan waktu reaksi hingga 120 menit menghasilkan yield biodiesel tertinggi sebesar 82,3%. Biodiesel yang dihasilkan menunjukkan gugus fungsi khas metil ester berdasarkan analisis FTIR serta memiliki sifat fisik yang sesuai dengan parameter mutu biodiesel.
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The utilization of lignocellulosic biomass as a source of activated carbon and catalyst support material represents a strategic approach in the development of sustainable biodiesel technologies. This study aims to synthesize a heterogeneous catalyst based on zinc–barium impregnated activated carbon (BaO-ZnO/AC) derived from empty fruit bunches of oil palm (EFB) and to evaluate its performance in microwave-assisted transesterification of palm oil. Activated carbon was prepared via the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) method at 200 °C for 24 h, followed by chemical activation and impregnation with Zn and Ba metals. Catalyst characterization was carried out using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) to evaluate thermal stability, functional groups, morphology, pore texture, crystalline structure, and elemental composition. The characterization results indicate that the BaO-ZnO/AC catalyst exhibits a mesoporous structure with a specific surface area of 506.314 m²/g, relatively homogeneous dispersion of Zn and Ba species, and the formation of nanocrystalline ZnO and BaO active phases. Catalytic activity tests were conducted in a microwave-assisted reactor by varying the methanol-to-oil molar ratio (6:1–18:1), catalyst loading (1–6 wt%), and reaction time (15–120 min) at a reaction temperature of 60 °C. The results demonstrate that a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12:1 and a catalyst loading of 5 wt% provide optimal reaction performance, while extending the reaction time to 120 min yields the highest biodiesel yield of 82.3%. The produced biodiesel exhibits characteristic methyl ester functional groups based on FTIR analysis and possesses physicochemical properties that comply with biodiesel quality requirements.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Biodiesel, Transesterifikasi, Karbon aktif, BaO-ZnO/AC, Gelombang mikro, Minyak sawit, Biodiesel, Transesterification, Activated carbon, BaO-ZnO/AC, Microwave heating, Palm oil |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD181.Z6 Zinc oxide Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD501 Catalysis. Catalysts. T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP155.7 Chemical processes. T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP359.B46 Biodiesel fuels. |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Chemical Engineering > 24101-(S2) Master Thesis |
| Depositing User: | Riatus Sholehah |
| Date Deposited: | 04 Feb 2026 06:45 |
| Last Modified: | 04 Feb 2026 07:03 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/132053 |
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