Fabrikasi Dan Karakterisasi Serat-Nano Karbon Dari Biomassa Untuk Material Elektroda Penyimpanan Energi

Anggoro, Diky (2026) Fabrikasi Dan Karakterisasi Serat-Nano Karbon Dari Biomassa Untuk Material Elektroda Penyimpanan Energi. Doctoral thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Pengembangan perangkat penyimpanan energi yang efisien dan berkelanjutan menuntut material elektroda berbasis karbon dengan konduktivitas tinggi, luas permukaan besar, serta sumber bahan baku yang ramah lingkungan. Keterbatasan karbon berbasis hasil pertambangan mendorong pemanfaatan biomassa sebagai sumber karbon terbarukan, salah satunya limbah tempurung kelapa. Penelitian ini mengkaji fabrikasi dan karakterisasi serat-nano karbon (carbon nanofibers, CNF) berbasis biomassa sebagai material elektroda penyimpanan energi melalui optimasi parameter karbonisasi dan integrasi oksida grafena tereduksi (rGO). CNF difabrikasi dari prekursor polivinil alkohol (PVA) menggunakan metode electrospinning, diikuti proses stabilisasi dan karbonisasi dalam atmosfer nitrogen pada rentang suhu 200–700°C untuk mempelajari evolusi struktur dan morfologi karbon. rGO yang disintesis dari limbah tempurung kelapa kemudian diintegrasikan ke dalam matriks PVA untuk membentuk komposit CNF/rGO, yang selanjutnya dikarbonisasi pada suhu optimal. Karakterisasi struktur kristal, morfologi, dan sifat fisikokimia dilakukan menggunakan X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), spektroskopi Raman, dan X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Sementara itu, kinerja elektrokimia dievaluasi melalui pengujian voltametri siklik (CV) dan electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan suhu karbonisasi mendorong transformasi struktur CNF dari karbon amorf menuju karbon grafenik, ditandai dengan peningkatan fraksi ikatan sp², penurunan gugus oksigen, serta peningkatan konduktivitas listrik. Pada suhu tinggi, morfologi serat mengalami perubahan signifikan dari struktur fibrous menjadi lembaran karbon. Integrasi rGO berbasis biomassa terbukti mampu mempertahankan morfologi serat-nano, meningkatkan tingkat grafitisasi, serta memperkaya cacat struktural yang berperan penting dalam mekanisme penyimpanan muatan. Sampel komposit CNF/rGO yang dikarbonisasi pada suhu 500°C menunjukkan kinerja elektrokimia terbaik dengan kapasitansi spesifik tinggi dan resistansi transfer muatan rendah dibandingkan CNF murni dan material karbon biomassa lainnya. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa kombinasi metode electrospinning, karbonisasi terkendali, dan pemanfaatan limbah tempurung kelapa sebagai sumber karbon merupakan pendekatan yang efektif dan berkelanjutan dalam pengembangan material elektroda CNF berbasis biomassa untuk aplikasi penyimpanan energi berkinerja tinggi.
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The development of efficient and sustainable energy storage devices requires carbonbased electrode materials with high electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, and environmentally friendly raw material sources. The limited availability of mining-derived carbon has driven the utilization of biomass as a renewable carbon source, particularly coconut shell waste. This study investigates the fabrication and characterization of biomassderived carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as electrode materials for energy storage through systematic optimization of parameters and integration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). CNFs were fabricated from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) precursors using the electrospinning method, followed by stabilization and carbonization under a nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 200 to 700°C to examine the evolution of carbon structure and morphology. rGO synthesized from coconut shell waste was subsequently incorporated into the PVA matrix to form CNF/rGO composites, which were then carbonized at optimized temperatures. Structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results demonstrate that increasing carbonization temperature promotes the transformation of CNF structures from amorphous carbon to graphenic carbon, as evidenced by an increased sp² bonding fraction, reduced oxygencontaining functional groups, and enhanced electrical conductivity. At higher temperatures, the fiber morphology undergoes significant transformation from a fibrous structure to carbon sheets. The integration of biomass-derived rGO effectively preserves the nanofibrous morphology, enhances the degree of graphitization, and introduces defect-rich structures that play a crucial role in charge storage mechanisms. The CNF/rGO composite carbonized at 500°C exhibits the best electrochemical performance, showing high specific capacitance and low charge transfer resistance compared to pristine CNFs and other biomass-derived carbon materials. Overall, this study confirms that the combination of electrospinning, controlled carbonization, and coconut shell waste valorization represents an effective and sustainable strategy for developing high-performance biomass-based CNF electrode materials for advanced energy storage applications.

Item Type:	Thesis (Doctoral)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Serat-Nano Karbon, Oksida grafen tereduksi (rGO), Biomassa, Electrospinning, Karbonisasi, energy storage, Carbon nanofibers, Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), Biomass, Electrospinning, Carbonization
Subjects:	Q Science Q Science > QC Physics Q Science > QC Physics > QC610.3 Electric conductivity
Divisions:	Faculty of Science and Data Analytics (SCIENTICS) > Physics > 45001-(S3) PhD Thesis
Depositing User:	Diky Anggoro
Date Deposited:	20 May 2026 07:16
Last Modified:	21 May 2026 02:21
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/133242

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