Umam, Moh. Febri Rikza Azkal (2026) Analisis Pengaruh Carburizer Dari Campuran Palm Kernel Shell/Tempurung Kelapa Dan Energizer BaCO3 Pada Proses Pack Carburizing Terhadap Case Depth Dan Kekerasan Baja ASTM A36. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Pemanfaatan limbah biomassa palm kernel shell (PKS) dan tempurung kelapa (TK) sebagai media karburasi merupakan alternatif yang potensial untuk proses surface hardening baja. Kedua jenis limbah biomassa tersebut memiliki kandungan karbon yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber karbon aktif pada proses pack carburizing. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh variasi campuran PKS dan TK terhadap case depth serta profil kekerasan baja ASTM A36 setelah proses pack carburizing. Material yang digunakan adalah baja ASTM A36, sedangkan media karburasi terdiri atas 70% arang karbon dengan variasi rasio PKS : TK sebesar 100 : 0, 75 : 25, 50 : 50, 25 : 75, dan 0 : 100, serta 30% BaCO₃ sebagai energizer. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan pengujian metalografi, SEM-EDX, OES, microhardness, dan XRD untuk mengevaluasi perubahan struktur mikro, komposisi unsur, kedalaman lapisan pengerasan, distribusi kekerasan, serta fasa yang terbentuk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variasi campuran PKS dan TK berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kadar karbon, pembentukan fasa, case depth, dan kekerasan permukaan baja ASTM A36. Variasi 75% PKS : 25% TK menghasilkan performa terbaik dengan nilai ICPE tertinggi sebesar 48,27%, kadar karbon efektif permukaan teoritis tertinggi sebesar 0,7986 wt.% C, serta peningkatan kandungan karbon permukaan sebesar 7,43 wt.% C berdasarkan hasil EDX. Variasi tersebut juga menghasilkan kekerasan permukaan tertinggi sebesar 458,2 HV. Sementara itu, variasi 100% PKS : 0% TK, 75% PKS : 25% TK, dan 50% PKS : 50% TK menunjukkan distribusi kekerasan yang relatif serupa terhadap peningkatan kedalaman lapisan. Secara keseluruhan, campuran 75% PKS : 25% TK merupakan komposisi yang paling optimum karena memberikan kombinasi terbaik berupa nilai ICPE tertinggi, kadar karbon permukaan teoritis tertinggi, kekerasan permukaan tertinggi, dominasi fasa bainit, serta case depth yang mendekati nilai maksimum.
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The utilization of biomass waste from palm kernel shell (PKS) and coconut shell (CS) as a carburizing medium represents a promising alternative for the surface hardening of steel. Both biomass materials contain carbon that can serve as an active carbon source during the pack carburizing process. This study aims to analyze the effect of different PKS and CS mixture ratios on the case depth and hardness profile of ASTM A36 steel after pack carburizing. ASTM A36 steel was used as the substrate material, while the carburizing medium consisted of 70% carbon charcoal with PKS : CS ratios of 100 : 0, 75 : 25, 50 : 50, 25 : 75, and 0 : 100, combined with 30% BaCO₃ as an energizer. Characterization was performed using metallography, SEM-EDX, Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES), microhardness testing, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to evaluate microstructural evolution, elemental composition, hardened layer depth, hardness distribution, and phase formation. The results demonstrate that variations in the PKS and CS mixture significantly affect carbon enrichment, phase formation, case depth, and the surface hardness of ASTM A36 steel. The 75% PKS : 25% CS mixture produced the best overall performance, achieving the highest ICPE value of 48.27%, the highest theoretical effective surface carbon content of 0.7986 wt.% C, and a surface carbon increase of 7.43 wt.% C according to EDX analysis. This mixture also yielded the highest surface hardness of 458.2 HV. Meanwhile, the 100% PKS : 0% CS, 75% PKS : 25% CS, and 50% PKS : 50% CS mixtures exhibited relatively similar hardness distributions throughout the hardened layer. Overall, the 75% PKS : 25% CS mixture represents the optimum composition, providing the best combination of ICPE value, theoretical surface carbon content, surface hardness, bainite phase dominance, and a case depth approaching the maximum value.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Other) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | ASTM A36, Carburizing, Case Depth Coconut Shell, Palm Kernel Shell, ASTM A36, Carburizing, Case Depth, Palm Kernel Shell, Tempurung Kelapa |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) > TA418.42 Hardness properties and tests. Hardness--Testing. T Technology > TN Mining engineering. Metallurgy > TN690 Metallography. Physical metallurgy T Technology > TN Mining engineering. Metallurgy > TN752.I5 Steel--Heat treatment T Technology > TN Mining engineering. Metallurgy > TN752.Q4 Metals--Quenching T Technology > TS Manufactures > TS205 Metals--Heat treatment. |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Material & Metallurgical Engineering > 28201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis |
| Depositing User: | Moh. Febri Rikza Azkal Umam |
| Date Deposited: | 21 Jul 2026 08:45 |
| Last Modified: | 21 Jul 2026 08:45 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/135533 |
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