Analisis Perbandingan Emisi Batu Bara Dan Gas Alam Dalam Proses Transisi Energi Pada Thermal Power Plant X

Indraswari, Adinda Kamiliya (2026) Analisis Perbandingan Emisi Batu Bara Dan Gas Alam Dalam Proses Transisi Energi Pada Thermal Power Plant X. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Sektor pembangkit listrik merupakan penyumbang emisi karbon terbesar di Indonesia, sehingga transformasi kebijakan energi melalui peralihan dari batu bara ke gas alam menjadi langkah strategis untuk mitigasi perubahan iklim. Studi ini bertujuan menganalisis beban emisi polutan udara CO₂, SO₂, NOx, dan PM secara komparatif serta mengevaluasi efisiensi termal dan kinerja operasional Pembangkit Listrik Termal X. Penelitian ini memberikan gambaran kuantitatif mengenai kontribusi gas alam terhadap pengurangan beban polusi dan efektivitasnya sebagai bahan bakar transisi dalam mendukung target Net Zero Emission (NZE) 2060. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif komparatif dengan memanfaatkan data operasional sekunder terverifikasi periode 2021–2024. Inventarisasi emisi aktual dihitung menggunakan metodologi MSEP-009 berdasarkan komposisi kimia gas bumi aktual dari data GC Analyzer, sedangkan emisi dasar batu bara diestimasi menggunakan faktor emisi grid skenario P2 sesuai pedoman IPCC 2006. Beban emisi pencemar udara dianalisis menggunakan data pemantauan kontinu dari Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS). Evaluasi kinerja energi dilakukan melalui perhitungan heat rate dan efisiensi termal sistem, yang dilengkapi dengan analisis biaya operasional bahan bakar spesifik dalam satuan Rp/kWh. Selama periode 2021–2024, penggunaan gas alam berhasil menurunkan emisi CO₂ kumulatif sebesar 2.510.302 tCO₂ atau rata-rata 46–48% per tahun, dengan intensitas emisi aktual berada pada kisaran 381,5–397,3 g/kWh. Penggunaan gas alam juga terbukti mampu menurunkan emisi SO₂ dan PM lebih dari 99%, dengan beban emisi aktual masing-masing hanya 15–114 ton/tahun dan 22–203 ton/tahun, serta secara signifikan mengurangi emisi NOx menjadi 1.619–2.454 ton/tahun. Dari aspek kinerja energi, efisiensi termal sistem berbahan bakar gas alam meningkat secara konsisten dari 50,4% menjadi 52,2%, seiring penurunan nilai heat rate dari 7.144 kJ/kWh pada tahun 2021 menjadi 6.897 kJ/kWh pada tahun 2024. Dari sisi ekonomi operasional, biaya bahan bakar spesifik juga menurun dari Rp692,63/kWh menjadi Rp667,14/kWh. Meskipun sangat efektif sebagai solusi transisi energi jangka menengah, intensitas emisi aktual tersebut masih berada di atas target jangka panjang Net Zero Emission (NZE) 2060, yaitu kurang dari 100 g/kWh. Oleh karena itu, pemanfaatan gas alam perlu diposisikan sebagai jembatan menuju percepatan pemanfaatan energi terbarukan secara penuh.
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The power generation sector is the largest contributor to carbon emissions in Indonesia; therefore, transforming energy policy by shifting from coal to natural gas represents a strategic step toward climate change mitigation. This study aims to comparatively analyze the emission loads of air pollutants, namely CO₂, SO₂, NOx, and PM, while evaluating the thermal efficiency and operational performance of Thermal Power Plant X. The study provides a quantitative assessment of the contribution of natural gas to pollution reduction and its effectiveness as a transition fuel in supporting the 2060 Net Zero Emission (NZE) target. A comparative quantitative approach was employed using verified secondary operational data from the 2021–2024 period. Actual emission inventories were calculated using the MSEP-009 methodology based on the actual chemical composition of natural gas obtained from GC Analyzer data, while baseline coal emissions were estimated using the P2 scenario grid emission factors in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Air pollutant emission loads were analyzed using real-time data from the Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS). Energy performance was evaluated through heat rate and system thermal efficiency calculations, complemented by an analysis of specific fuel operating costs expressed in Rp/kWh. During the 2021–2024 period, the use of natural gas reduced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 2,510,302 tCO₂, equivalent to an average annual reduction of 46–48%, with actual emission intensities ranging from 381.5 to 397.3 g/kWh. Natural gas also reduced SO₂ and PM emissions by more than 99%, resulting in actual emission loads of only 15–114 tons/year and 22–203 tons/year, respectively, while significantly lowering NOx emissions to 1,619–2,454 tons/year. In terms of energy performance, the thermal efficiency of the natural gas system increased consistently from 50.4% to 52.2%, accompanied by a reduction in heat rate from 7,144 kJ/kWh in 2021 to 6,897 kJ/kWh in 2024. From an operational economic perspective, the specific fuel cost also decreased from Rp692.63/kWh to Rp667.14/kWh. Although natural gas is highly effective as a medium-term transition energy solution, the actual emission intensity remains above the long-term Net Zero Emission (NZE) 2060 target of less than 100 g/kWh. Therefore, natural gas should be positioned as a bridging fuel toward the accelerated deployment of fully renewable energy sources.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Beban Emisi, Gas Alam, Net Zero Emission, Thermal Power Plant, Transisi, Emission Load, Natural Gas, Net Zero Emission, Thermal Power Plant, Energy Transition Energi. Emission Load, Natural Gas, Net Zero Emission, Thermal Power Plant, Energy Transition
Subjects:	T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD171.75 Climate change mitigation
Divisions:	Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering (CIVPLAN) > Environmental Engineering > 25201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Adinda Kamiliya Indraswari
Date Deposited:	22 Jul 2026 08:36
Last Modified:	22 Jul 2026 08:36
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/135959

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