Studi Adsorpsi CO2 Menggunakan Limbah Cangkang Kelapa Sawit dengan Aktivator KOH dan NaOH

Simbolon, Agung Pray Utama (2026) Studi Adsorpsi CO2 Menggunakan Limbah Cangkang Kelapa Sawit dengan Aktivator KOH dan NaOH. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

Text 5014221052-Undergraduate_Thesis.pdf - Accepted Version Restricted to Repository staff only Download (7MB) | Request a copy

Abstract

Upaya mitigasi emisi CO₂ memerlukan pengembangan teknologi penangkapan gas yang efektif, berkelanjutan, dan berbasis sumber daya terbarukan. Biochar berbasis biomassa limbah cangkang kelapa sawit berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai adsorben CO₂ karena ketersediaannya yang melimpah serta kandungan karbon yang tinggi. Aktivasi kimia menggunakan basa kuat seperti KOH dan NaOH diketahui mampu meningkatkan karakteristik pori biochar, tetapi pengaruh variasi rasio impregnasi bertingkat serta suhu aktivasi lanjutan (pirolisis) terhadap sifat biochar dan kinerjanya dalam adsorpsi CO₂ masih perlu dikaji secara sistematis. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk menganalisis karakteristik biochar cangkang kelapa sawit, menentukan kapasitas adsorpsi CO₂ hasil aktivasi KOH dan NaOH dengan variasi suhu aktivasi dan rasio impregnasi, serta menentukan model isoterm yang paling sesuai dalam merepresentasikan mekanisme proses adsorpsi. Biochar dari cangkang kelapa sawit diproduksi dengan pirolisis pada suhu 5000C, lalu diaktivasi secara kimia menggunakan larutan NaOH 1 M dan KOH 1 M dengan variasi rasio biochar terhadap larutan aktivator sebesar 1:1, 1:5, dan 1:10 (b/v), terakhir diaktivasi kembali dengan pirolisis pada variasi suhu 6000C dan 7000C. Sampel biomassa dan biochar awal dilakukan analisis ultimat sebagai karakteristik awal, serta dilanjutkan dengan karakteristik lanjutan terhadap karbon aktif teraktivasi, meliputi FTIR, SEM-EDX dan BET. Kinerja adsorpsi biochar terhadap CO2 dianalisis menggunakan isoterm adsorpsi, yang meliputi model Freundllich, dan Langmuir, untuk mengevaluasi kapasitas serta mekanisme adsorpsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keberhasilan aktivasi basa terhadap peningkatan karakteristik biochar cangkang sawit menjadi karbon aktif dengan dengan kandungan karbon (57%) dan gugus fungsi oksigen yang tinggi. Hal ini didukung dengan analisis FTIR yang memverifikasi peningkatan polaritas permukaan dan interaksi spesifik gas CO2, serta gugus hidroksil (-OH) dan alkuna (C≡C). Peningkatan kapasitas adsorpsi tertinggi dicapai oleh biochar teraktivasi KOH dan NaOH pada rasio impregnasi 1:10 dengan suhu aktivasi 700°C, dimana K10S7 menghasilkan kapasitas adsorpsi sebesar 9,125 mg/g dengan efisiensi 43,23% dan peningkatan 183,97% dibandingkan kontrol, diikuti oleh N10S7 sebesar 7,409 mg/g dengan efisiensi 35,22% dan peningkatan 130,57%. Sifat kebasaan dan reaktivitas KOH yang lebih tinggi menghasilkan pengembangan struktur mikropori dan mesopori yang lebih baik dibandingkan NaOH (terlihat dari analisis SEM). Analisis FTIR dan EDX juga turut membuktikan peningkatan performa ini dipicu oleh afinitas CO₂ yang tinggi serta kebasaan permukaan akibat interkalasi ion aktivator (Na/K). Analisis BET menunjukkan sampel K10S7 memiliki luas permukaan (289,251 m²/g) dan total volume pori (0,1322 cm³/g) paling optimal dibandingkan sampel kontrol dan N10S7. Pemodelan isoterm Freundlich pada sampel terbaik menunjukkan kecocokan paling tinggi ditandai dengan nilai koefisien regresi tertinggi, sehingga mengonfirmasi bahwa proses adsorpsi terjadi secara fisik (pengisian pori) sekaligus kimiawi akibat tingginya heterogenitas permukaan yang terjadi setelah aktivasi dilakukan.
=================================================================================================================================
CO₂ emission mitigation efforts require the development of gas capture technologies that are effective, sustainable, and based on renewable resources. Biochar derived from palm shell waste biomass holds potential as a CO₂ adsorbent due to its abundant availability and high carbon content. Chemical activation using strong bases such as KOH and NaOH is known to enhance the pore characteristics of biochar; however, the effects of tiered impregnation ratio variations and subsequent activation temperatures (pyrolysis) on biochar properties and CO₂ adsorption performance still require systematic investigation. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the characteristics of palm shell biochar, compare the CO₂ adsorption capacity of KOH- and NaOH-activated biochar under varying activation temperatures and impregnation ratios, and determine the most appropriate isotherm model to represent the adsorption mechanism. Palm shell biochar was produced via pyrolysis at 500°C, then chemically activated using 1 M NaOH and 1 M KOH solutions at biochar-to-activator ratios of 1:1, 1:5, and 1:10 (w/v), followed by re-activation through pyrolysis at 600°C and 700°C. Biomass samples and initial biochar underwent CHNO analysis as preliminary characterization, followed by further characterization of the activated carbon, encompassing FTIR, SEM-EDX, and BET analyses. The CO₂ adsorption performance of the biochar was evaluated using adsorption isotherm models — specifically the Freundlich and Langmuir models — to assess adsorption capacity and mechanism. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of alkaline activation in enhancing the characteristics of palm shell biochar into activated carbon with a high carbon content (57%) and abundant oxygen functional groups. FTIR analysis validates these findings, highlighting enhanced surface polarity and specific CO₂ affinity through hydroxyl (-OH) and alkyne (C≡C) groups. The highest adsorption capacity was achieved by KOH- and NaOH-activated biochar at an impregnation ratio of 1:10 with an activation temperature of 700°C, where K10S7 yielded an adsorption capacity of 9,125 mg/g with an efficiency of 43,23% and an improvement of 183,97% relative to the control, followed by N10S7 at 7,409 mg/g with an efficiency of 35,22% and an improvement of 130,57%. The higher basicity and reactivity of KOH produced a more developed microporous and mesoporous structure compared to NaOH, as evidenced by SEM analysis. TIR and EDX analyses further confirmed that this performance enhancement was driven by high CO₂ affinity and surface basicity resulting from the intercalation of activator ions (Na/K) into the carbon matrix. BET analysis revealed that K10S7 exhibited the most optimal surface area (289,251 m²/g) and total pore volume (0,1322 cm³/g) compared to both the control sample and N10S7. Freundlich isotherm modeling on the best-performing sample demonstrated the highest regression coefficient, confirming that the adsorption process occurs through both physical mechanisms (pore filling) and chemical interactions, attributable to the high surface heterogeneity developed following the activation process.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	aktivasi basa, biochar, cangkang sawit, impregnasi, pirolisis, alkaline activation, biochar, impregnation, palm kernel shell, pyrolysis
Subjects:	T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD171.75 Climate change mitigation
Divisions:	Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering (CIVPLAN) > Environmental Engineering > 25201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Agung Pray Utama Simbolon
Date Deposited:	22 Jul 2026 03:43
Last Modified:	22 Jul 2026 03:43
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/136006

Actions (login required)

View Item