Studi Pengaruh Aditif NaI dan SnCl2 dengan Konsentrasi Rendah dalam Kestabilan dan Sifat Optoelektronik dari Perovskit Hibrida MA1-xCsx SnI3 (x=0,25 dan 0,5)

Agustin, Salma Kholifatun (2026) Studi Pengaruh Aditif NaI dan SnCl2 dengan Konsentrasi Rendah dalam Kestabilan dan Sifat Optoelektronik dari Perovskit Hibrida MA1-xCsx SnI3 (x=0,25 dan 0,5). Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Perovskit halida berbasis timah (Sn) seperti (MA1-xCsₓ)SnI₃ merupakan kandidat material absorber sel surya generasi baru yang bebas timbal (Pb), namun penerapannya masih dibatasi oleh kecenderungan oksidasi ion Sn²⁺ menjadi Sn⁴⁺ yang menyebabkan pembentukan cacat kristal dan degradasi cepat pada kondisi udara terbuka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh penambahan aditif NaI dan SnCl₂ dengan konsentrasi rendah terhadap kestabilan struktur kristal serta sifat optoelektronik perovskit hibrida (MA1-xCsₓ)SnI₃ pada komposisi x = 0,25 dan 0,50. Sintesis dilakukan melalui metode larutan menggunakan pelarut dimetilformamida (DMF) dengan penambahan asam askorbat sebagai agen pereduksi, kemudian lapisan film dibentuk melalui metode drop casting di atas substrat kaca pada kondisi udara bebas. Karakterisasi dilakukan melalui pengamatan visual, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), serta Vis-spektrofotometer yang dianalisis menggunakan metode Tauc plot untuk menentukan energi celah pita. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan SnCl₂ sebesar 10% memberikan efek stabilisasi optimum dibandingkan konsentrasi 5% maupun 15%, ditandai dengan kestabilan posisi puncak dan intensitas absorbansi yang lebih baik serta laju transformasi fase perovskit menjadi fase double perovskite yang lebih lambat. Peningkatan fraksi Cs⁺ dari x = 0,25 menjadi x = 0,50 terbukti meningkatkan fraksi fase perovskit dan memperbaiki kestabilan struktural sesuai dengan faktor toleransi Goldschmidt (0,91–0,92). Nilai energi celah pita langsung yang diperoleh berkisar antara 1,21–1,27 eV, sesuai dengan karakteristik perovskit berbasis timah. Analisis morfologi menunjukkan bahwa ion Na⁺ mendorong pertumbuhan ukuran butir melalui mekanisme butir coarsening, sementara SnCl₂ memperbaiki kualitas kristalisasi dan menekan laju oksidasi Sn²⁺.
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Tin (Sn)-based halide perovskites such as MA₁-ₓCsₓ SnI₃ are promising lead (Pb)-free absorber materials for next-generation solar cells, yet their application remains limited by the tendency of Sn²⁺ to oxidize into Sn⁴⁺, which induces crystal defects and rapid degradation under ambient air exposure. This study aimed to analyze the effect of low-concentration NaI and SnCl₂ additives on the crystal structure stability and optoelectronic properties of hybrid perovskite (MA1-xCsₓ)SnI₃ at compositions x = 0.25 and 0.50. The perovskite was synthesized through a solution-based method using dimethylformamide (DMF) as the solvent, with ascorbic acid added as a reducing agent, and the films were subsequently deposited via drop casting onto glass substrates under ambient conditions. Characterization was carried out using visual observation, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Vis-spectrophotometry analyzed through the Tauc plot method to determine the band gap energy. The results showed that the addition of 10% SnCl₂ provided the optimum stabilizing effect compared with 5% and 15%, as indicated by a more stable absorption peak position and intensity as well as a slower transformation rate from the perovskite phase into the double perovskite phase. Increasing the Cs⁺ fraction from x = 0.25 to x = 0.50 was found to increase the perovskite phase fraction and improve structural stability, consistent with the Goldschmidt tolerance factor (0.91–0.92). The direct bandgap energy obtained ranged from 1.21–1.27 eV, consistent with the typical characteristics of tin-based perovskites. Morphological analysis revealed that Na⁺ ions promoted butir growth through a butir coarsening mechanism, while SnCl₂ improved crystallization quality and suppressed the Sn²⁺ oxidation rate.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Aditif NaI dan SnCl2, Energi Celah Pita, Kestabilan, Perovskit Hibrida (MA1-x Csₓ)SnI₃, Sifat Optoelektronik, NaI and SnCl2 Additives, Band Gap Energy, Stability, Hybrid Perovskite MA1-x Csₓ)SnI₃, Optoelectronic Properties.
Subjects:	Q Science > QC Physics Q Science > QC Physics > QC451 Spectroscopy Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD117 Absorption
Divisions:	Faculty of Science and Data Analytics (SCIENTICS) > Physics > 45201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Salma Kholifatun Agustin
Date Deposited:	23 Jul 2026 05:14
Last Modified:	23 Jul 2026 05:15
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/136377

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