Pengaruh Penambahan Aditif SnCl₂ pada Perovskit Hibrida MASnI₃ serta PbCl₂ pada Perovskit Hibrida MAPbI₃ terhadap Struktur dan Sifat Optoelektroniknya

Devi, Norisma (2026) Pengaruh Penambahan Aditif SnCl₂ pada Perovskit Hibrida MASnI₃ serta PbCl₂ pada Perovskit Hibrida MAPbI₃ terhadap Struktur dan Sifat Optoelektroniknya. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Pengembangan sel surya berbasis perovskit hibrida terus dilakukan untuk mendapatkan alternatif energi surya yang lebih efisien dibanding silikon. Material metilamonium timbal iodida (MAPbI₃) menunjukkan performa optoelektronik unggul, namun isu toksisitas Pb mendorong eksplorasi alternatif bebas timbal seperti metilamonium timah iodida (MASnI₃), yang rentan terhadap oksidasi cepat Sn²⁺ menjadi Sn⁴⁺ saat terpapar udara bebas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh penambahan aditif SnCl₂ dan PbCl₂ dengan variasi konsentrasi 10%, 15%, dan 20% mol terhadap struktur serta sifat optoelektronik MASnI₃ dan MAPbI₃. Secara prinsip, aditif klorida tidak mensubstitusi posisi kisi secara permanen, melainkan memodulasi kinetika kristalisasi melalui pembentukan fasa intermediet (Lewis acid–base adduct) yang memperlambat pertumbuhan kristal sekaligus berperan dalam pasivasi cacat di batas butir. Sintesis dilakukan pada kondisi ambient atmosphere menggunakan pelarut DMF dengan asam askorbat 30% mol sebagai stabilisator, dideposisikan melalui drop casting dan dipanaskan pada 135°C, lalu dikarakterisasi melalui pengamatan visual selama 10 hari, spektroskopi UV-Vis (Tauc plot), XRD, dan SEM. Faktor toleransi Goldschmidt MASnI₃ dan MAPbI₃ masing-masing 0,922 dan 0,912, mengonfirmasi kestabilan struktur perovskit 3D pada kedua sistem. Pada sistem MASnI₃, 15% mol SnCl₂ merupakan dosis paling optimal karena memberikan stabilitas visual dan optik terbaik dengan energi celah pita yang cukup stabil. Penambahan aditif 20% mol justru mempercepat degradasi, di mana fasa aktif berkurang dari 43% ke 19% dalam 5 hari dan membentuk morfologi butir berpori. Sementara itu pada sistem MAPbI₃, 10% mol PbCl₂ merupakan dosis paling stabil secara optik karena memiliki energi celah pita paling konstan. Variasi dengan aditif yang lebih tinggi berdampak kurang baik secara optik karena memicu pelebaran celah pita (blueshift) akibat penumpukan fasa sekunder PbI₂. Secara keseluruhan, sistem Pb secara intrinsik jauh lebih tangguh terhadap udara bebas dibandingkan sistem Sn, terbukti dari fasa aktif perovskit MAPbI₃ pada variasi 20% mol PbCl₂ yang hanya mengalami penurunan dari 56% ke 48% pada periode yang sama dengan sistem MASnI₃.
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The development of hybrid perovskite solar cells is continuously pursued to provide a more efficient solar energy alternative to silicon. Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃) materials demonstrate superior optoelectronic performance, but the issue of Pb toxicity encourages the exploration of lead-free alternatives such as methylammonium tin iodide (MASnI₃), which is highly susceptible to rapid oxidation from Sn²⁺ to Sn⁴⁺ when exposed to ambient air. This study aims to determine the effect of adding SnCl₂ and PbCl₂ additives with varying concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20% mol on the structure and optoelectronic properties of MASnI₃ and MAPbI₃. In principle, chloride additives do not permanently substitute the lattice positions but instead modulate the crystallization kinetics through the formation of an intermediate phase (Lewis acid-base adduct). This intermediate phase slows down crystal growth while simultaneously serving as defect passivation at the grain boundaries. The synthesis was conducted under ambient atmosphere conditions using DMF solvent with 30% mol ascorbic acid as a stabilizer. The films were deposited via drop casting and heated at 135°C, then characterized through visual observation for 10 days, Vis spectroscopy (Tauc plot), XRD, and SEM. The Goldschmidt tolerance factors for MASnI₃ and MAPbI₃ are 0.922 and 0.912, respectively, confirming the stability of the 3D perovskite structure in both systems. In the MASnI₃ system, 15% mol SnCl₂ is the most optimal dose because it provides the best visual and optical stability with a reasonably stable bandgap energy. Conversely, the addition of 20% mol additive accelerates degradation, wherein the active phase decreases from 43% to 19% within 5 days and forms a porous grain morphology. Meanwhile, in the MAPbI₃ system, 10% mol PbCl₂ is the most optically stable dose due to its highly constant bandgap energy. Variations with higher additive concentrations yield a less favorable optical impact, triggering bandgap widening (blueshift) due to the accumulation of the PbI₂ secondary phase. Overall, the Pb system is intrinsically far more robust against ambient air than the Sn system, as evidenced by the MAPbI₃ active perovskite phase in the 20% mol PbCl₂ variation, which only decreased from 56% to 48% over the same period as the MASnI₃ system.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Perovskit hibrida, MASnI₃, MAPbI₃, aditif klorida, sifat optoelektronik, Hybrid perovskite, MASnI₃, MAPbI₃, chloride additive, optoelectronic properties
Subjects:	Q Science > QC Physics > QC100 Crystals. Q Science > QC Physics > QC173.4.C63 Composite materials
Divisions:	Faculty of Science and Data Analytics (SCIENTICS) > Physics > 45201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Norisma Devi
Date Deposited:	23 Jul 2026 06:43
Last Modified:	23 Jul 2026 06:43
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/136419

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