Thermal Treatment Tanah Tercemar Crude Oil Menggunakan Muffle Furnace dengan Penambahan Pasir Silika dan Cangkang Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa)

Lestari, Diana Wahyu (2026) Thermal Treatment Tanah Tercemar Crude Oil Menggunakan Muffle Furnace dengan Penambahan Pasir Silika dan Cangkang Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa). Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) dan logam berat merupakan kontaminan utama yang sering ditemukan secara bersamaan pada tanah di sekitar aktivitas pertambangan minyak, termasuk di Tambang Minyak Tradisional Wonocolo, Kabupaten Bojonegoro, Jawa Timur. TPH bersifat persisten dan sulit terdegradasi secara alami, sedangkan logam berat seperti Pb bersifat toksik dan non-biodegradable sehingga berpotensi menurunkan kualitas tanah, menghambat aktivitas mikroorganisme, serta meningkatkan risiko kesehatan manusia melalui paparan langsung maupun perpindahan ke tanaman dan rantai makanan. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan perlunya teknologi remediasi yang mampu menangani kontaminan organik dan anorganik secara simultan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efisiensi penurunan TPH dan tingkat imobilisasi logam berat timbal (Pb) pada tanah tercemar crude oil melalui metode thermal treatment dengan penambahan pasir silika dan cangkang kerang darah (Anadara granosa). Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental pada skala laboratorium menggunakan muffle furnace dengan variasi temperatur 400°C, 600°C, dan 800°C serta waktu pemanasan 30, 60, dan 90 menit. Variasi komposisi material meliputi tanah tanpa penambahan (kontrol), tanah dengan penambahan pasir silika dan serbuk cangkang kerang darah pada rasio 1:1:1, serta rasio 1:1:2 dengan massa total sampel 60 gram. Parameter utama yang dianalisis meliputi konsentrasi TPH sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan, konsentrasi logam Pb total, serta mobilitas logam Pb berdasarkan uji Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). Analisis didukung oleh pengukuran pH serta karakterisasi material menggunakan X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) dan X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa thermal treatment efektif menurunkan konsentrasi TPH dengan efisiensi lebih dari 99% pada seluruh variasi perlakuan. Konsentrasi TPH awal sebesar 309.140 mg/kg berhasil diturunkan hingga mencapai kisaran 100–2.540 mg/kg. Hasil analisis statistik ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa temperatur dan rasio penambahan material berpengaruh signifikan terhadap konsentrasi TPH. Efisiensi penurunan TPH tertinggi sebesar 99,97% diperoleh pada perlakuan rasio 1:1:1 pada temperatur 400°C selama 90 menit. Penambahan pasir silika berperan dalam meningkatkan distribusi panas selama proses pemanasan, sedangkan cangkang kerang darah yang mengandung CaCO₃ berkontribusi terhadap vitrifikasi logam melalui peningkatan kondisi basa dan pembentukan senyawa yang lebih stabil. Hasil uji TCLP menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi Pb pada seluruh sampel berada pada kondisi tidak terdeteksi (Not Detected/ND), yang mengindikasikan mobilitas logam yang sangat rendah setelah perlakuan. Kombinasi thermal treatment, pasir silika, dan cangkang kerang darah efektif dalam menurunkan kontaminan organik sekaligus mengendalikan mobilitas logam berat, sehingga berpotensi menjadi alternatif teknologi remediasi tanah tercemar crude oil yang aman dan berkelanjutan.
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Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) and heavy metals are the primary contaminants frequently found together in soil near oil mining operations, including at the Wonocolo Traditional Oil Mine in Bojonegoro Regency, East Java. TPH is persistent and difficult to be degraded naturally, while heavy metal such as lead (Pb), is toxic, non-biodegradable, potentially degrading soil quality, inhibiting microbial activity, and increasing the risks of human health through direct exposure or transfer to plants and the food chain. These conditions highlight the need of remediation technologies that capable to remove both organic and inorganic contaminants simultaneously. This study aims to analyze the efficiency of TPH reduction and the degree of Pb immobilization in crude oil-contaminated soil using a thermal treatment method with the addition of silica sand and blood clam shells (Anadara granosa) The study was conducted experimentally in a laboratory scale using a muffle furnace with temperature variations setup at 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C, and heating times at 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Variations in material composition included soil without additives (control), soil with addition of silica sand and blood clam shell powder at a 1:1:1 ratio, and a 1:1:2 ratio, with a total sample mass of 60 grams. The main parameters analyzed included TPH concentrations before and after treatment, total Pb concentrations, and Pb mobility based on the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test. The analysis was supported by pH measurements and material characterization using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The results of the study show that thermal treatment effectively reduces TPH concentration with an efficiency of more than 99% across all treatment variations. The initial TPH concentration of 309,140 mg/kg was successfully reduced to a range of 100–2.540 mg/kg. The results of the ANOVA statistical analysis indicated that temperature and the addition ratio of materials have a significant effect on TPH concentrations. The highest TPH reduction efficiency of 99.97% was achieved under a 1:1:1 treatment ratio at a temperature of 400°C for 90 minutes. The addition of silica sand plays an important role to improve the heat distribution during the thermal process, while blood clam shells, which contain of CaCO₃, contributed to Pb vitrification by increasing alkalinity and forming more stable compounds. TCLP test results showed that Pb concentrations in all samples were at the “Not Detected” (ND) level, indicating very low metal mobility after treatment. The combination of thermal treatment, silica sand, and the addition of blood clam shells is more effective in reducing organic contaminants and control the mobility of Pb, creating a potential safe and sustainable alternative technology for remediating crude oil-contaminated soil.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Tanah Tercemar Crude Oil; Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH); Thermal Treatment; Pasir Silika; Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa); Imobilisasi Logam Berat. Crude Oil–Contaminated Soil; Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH); Thermal Treatment; Silica Sand; Blood Clam Shells (Anadara granosa); Heavy Metal Immobilization.
Subjects:	T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD878.47 Soil remediation
Divisions:	Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering (CIVPLAN) > Environmental Engineering > 25201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Diana Wahyu Lestari
Date Deposited:	23 Jul 2026 08:59
Last Modified:	23 Jul 2026 08:59
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/136580

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