Sujarwo, Chiara Alodia Novebriana (2026) Analisis Tutupan Biofouling dan Rekrutmen Karang pada Permukaan Beton Artificial Reef (AR) dengan Campuran Fly Ash-Bottom Ash (FABA). Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem laut yang memiliki peran ekologis penting sebagai habitat berbagai biota laut serta berbagai manfaat lainnya. Namun, degradasi terumbu karang akibat perubahan iklim dan aktivitas antropogenik telah menyebabkan penurunan keberhasilan rekrutmen karang sehingga diperlukan upaya restorasi yang efektif. Keberhasilan restorasi dipengaruhi oleh kolonisasi organisme biofouling yang berperan dalam membentuk substrat yang sesuai bagi penempelan larva karang. Salah satu pendekatan yang banyak dikembangkan adalah penggunaan artificial reef (AR) berbahan beton. Pemanfaatan fly ash dan bottom ash (FABA) sebagai bahan substitusi semen pada beton AR berpotensi mengurangi penggunaan semen sekaligus memanfaatkan limbah industri. Namun, pengaruh variasi komposisi FABA terhadap kolonisasi organisme biofouling dan rekrutmen karang masih perlu dikaji. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis persentase tutupan biofouling dan rekrutmen karang pada permukaan beton artificial reef (AR) dengan berbagai variasi komposisi FABA. Penelitian menggunakan 13 variasi beton artificial reef yang terdiri atas beton kontrol serta variasi komposisi FABA (0, 25, 50, dan 75%), dengan tiga ulangan selama enam bulan pengamatan. Pengamatan difokuskan pada persentase tutupan organisme biofouling dan keberadaan rekrutmen karang pada permukaan beton artificial reef. Organisme biofouling yang ditemukan diidentifikasi dan dianalisis berdasarkan persentase tutupannya. Perbedaan persentase tutupan biofouling antarvariasi beton dianalisis menggunakan uji Welch ANOVA atau Kruskal–Wallis sesuai karakteristik data pada taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh variasi beton AR berhasil dikolonisasi oleh empat kelompok organisme biofouling, yaitu Crustose Coralline Algae (CCA), turf algae, bryozoa, dan barnacle. Turf algae merupakan kelompok biofouling yang paling mendominasi dengan persentase tutupan sebesar 47,47–96,68%, sedangkan persentase tutupan Crustose Coralline Algae (CCA) berkisar antara 0,23–4,91%, bryozoa 0,00–1,26%, dan barnacle 0,25–50,49%. Variasi komposisi FABA berpengaruh signifikan terhadap persentase tutupan seluruh kelompok biofouling (p<0,05). Persentase tutupan tertinggi masing-masing kelompok ditemukan pada beton B11 untuk Crustose Coralline Algae (CCA) (4,91±3,02%), B1 untuk turf algae (96,68±0,38%), B10 untuk bryozoa (1,26±0,69%), dan B7 untuk barnacle (50,49±8,60%). Selama enam bulan pengamatan tidak ditemukan rekrutmen karang secara makroskopis pada seluruh variasi beton AR. Variasi komposisi FABA memengaruhi pembentukan komunitas biofouling pada permukaan beton artificial reef.. Seluruh variasi beton mampu mendukung kolonisasi organisme biofouling, namun belum menunjukkan terjadinya rekrutmen karang secara makroskopis selama enam bulan pengamatan, sehingga diperlukan periode pengamatan yang lebih panjang untuk mengevaluasi potensi beton artificial reef berbasis FABA sebagai substrat restorasi terumbu karang.
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Coral reefs represent one of the most ecologically important marine ecosystems, providing habitat for diverse marine organisms and supporting various ecological functions. However, climate change and anthropogenic activities have significantly reduced coral recruitment success, highlighting the need for effective coral reef restoration efforts. The success of restoration is influenced by the colonization of biofouling organisms, which play an important role in developing suitable substrates for coral larval settlement. One of the restoration approaches that has been widely developed is the use of concrete artificial reefs (AR). Incorporating fly ash and bottom ash (FABA) as a partial cement substitute in AR concrete offers an alternative to reduce cement consumption while promoting the beneficial use of industrial by-products. However, the influence of different FABA compositions on biofouling colonization and coral recruitment remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze biofouling cover and coral recruitment on the surface of artificial reef concrete with different FABA compositions. The study employed 13 artificial reef concrete variations consisting of a control and concrete containing FABA compositions of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, with three replicates for each treatment over a six-month observation period. Observations focused on biofouling cover and coral recruitment on the concrete surface. Differences in biofouling cover among concrete variations were analyzed using Welch’s ANOVA or the Kruskal–Wallis test according to the characteristics of the data at a 95% confidence level. The results showed that all artificial reef concrete variations were successfully colonized by four groups of biofouling organisms, namely Crustose Coralline Algae (CCA), turf algae, bryozoans, and barnacles. Turf algae dominated the concrete surface with a cover of 47.47–96.68%, while CCA, bryozoans, and barnacles accounted for 0.23–4.91%, 0.00–1.26%, and 0.25–50.49%, respectively. Different FABA compositions significantly affected the percentage cover of all biofouling groups (p < 0.05). The highest percentage cover for each biofouling group was recorded on B11 for CCA (4.91 ± 3.02%), B1 for turf algae (96.68 ± 0.38%), B10 for bryozoans (1.26 ± 0.69%), and B7 for barnacles (50.49 ± 8.60%). No macroscopic coral recruitment was observed on any artificial reef concrete variation throughout the six-month observation period. These findings indicate that different FABA compositions influence the development of biofouling communities on artificial reef concrete surfaces. Although all concrete variations supported biofouling colonization, a longer observation period is required to further evaluate the potential of FABA-based artificial reef concrete as a suitable substrate for coral reef restoration.
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