Inventarisasi CO2, CH4, NOx dan Pemodelan Dispersi Emisi Menggunakan AERMOD pada Pengolahan Bijih Nikel Jenis Produk Nickel Matte oleh PT XYZ

Ontong, Aulia Joan Carouline Tandi (2026) Inventarisasi CO2, CH4, NOx dan Pemodelan Dispersi Emisi Menggunakan AERMOD pada Pengolahan Bijih Nikel Jenis Produk Nickel Matte oleh PT XYZ. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Peningkatan permintaan nikel akibat transisi energi global sebagai bahan baku baterai kendaraan listrik menempatkan industri pengolahan nikel sebagai sorotan utama dalam persoalan pencemaran udara. Proses produksi nikel matte di PT XYZ memerlukan konsumsi energi tinggi sehingga menghasilkan emisi CO₂, CH₄, dan NOₓ dalam jumlah besar yang berpotensi memengaruhi perubahan iklim maupun kualitas udara di sekitarnya. Mengingat inventarisasi emisi semata tidak cukup untuk menjelaskan pola persebaran dan perbedaan konsentrasi antarmusim, penelitian ini disusun dengan tujuan menghitung beban emisi CO₂, CH₄, dan NOₓ yang dihasilkan PT XYZ, menganalisis pengaruh musim terhadap konsentrasi emisi melalui pemodelan AERMOD, dan menyusun rekomendasi mitigasi berdasarkan kajian terhadap kebijakan pengendalian emisi yang berlaku.
Beban emisi CO₂ dan CH₄ dihitung dengan pendekatan inventarisasi gas rumah kaca, yaitu mengalikan konsumsi bahan bakar unit pengolahan bijih nikel sepanjang tahun 2025 dengan faktor emisi masing-masing jenis bahan bakar, sedangkan beban emisi NOₓ ditentukan menggunakan persamaan dalam Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 4 Tahun 2014 berdasarkan konsentrasi hasil uji emisi pada tiap cerobong unit. Selanjutnya, dispersi pencemar dimodelkan menggunakan AERMOD dengan memanfaatkan data topografi, tutupan lahan, dan meteorologi, pada dua skenario musim (hujan dan kemarau) serta laju emisi rata-rata tahun 2025 sebagai input model. Hasil pemodelan dievaluasi pada delapan reseptor diskrit yang mewakili kawasan permukiman terdekat, untuk periode rata-rata 1 jam dan 24 jam pada kedua musim tersebut.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan intensitas emisi PT XYZ tahun 2025 sebesar 23,21 ton CO₂/ton matte, 0,0016 ton CH₄/ton matte, dan 0,05 ton NOₓ/ton matte, dengan reduction kiln dan rotary dryer sebagai penyumbang utama karena tingginya konsumsi batu bara dan penggunaan mixed fuel pada kedua unit tersebut. Konsentrasi CO₂, CH₄, dan NOₓ pada musim hujan umumnya lebih tinggi dibanding musim kemarau di sebagian besar reseptor akibat mixing height yang lebih rendah dan keterbatasan AERMOD dalam memperhitungkan presipitasi, kecuali pada reseptor R8 yang menunjukkan pola sebaliknya akibat perubahan arah angin dominan antarmusim. Evaluasi kebijakan pengendalian emisi PT XYZ menunjukkan bahwa langkah-langkah eksisting belum cukup untuk mencapai target penurunan 33% GRK pada 2030, sehingga mitigasi tambahan direkomendasikan pada dryer dan kiln sebagai kontributor GRK terbesar (42,74% dan 56,316%), meliputi substitusi 10% biochar pada dryer (potensi reduksi GRK 3,78%) dan pemanfaatan panas buang kiln (potensi reduksi GRK 2,82%), serta penerapan Low-NOx Burner pada kedua unit yang berpotensi mereduksi emisi NOₓ hingga 23,66%.
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The rising demand for nickel driven by the global energy transition, particularly as a raw material for electric vehicle batteries, has positioned the nickel processing industry at the forefront of air pollution concerns. Nickel matte production at PT XYZ requires high energy consumption, resulting in substantial CO₂, CH₄, and NOₓ emissions that potentially affect climate change and ambient air quality. Given that emission inventory alone is insufficient to explain dispersion patterns and seasonal variations in concentration, this study aims to quantify the CO₂, CH₄, and NOₓ emission loads generated by PT XYZ, analyze the effect of seasonal variation on emission concentrations using AERMOD modeling, and formulate mitigation recommendations based on an evaluation of existing emission control policies.
CO₂ and CH₄ emission loads were calculated using a greenhouse gas inventory approach, by multiplying the fuel consumption of the nickel ore processing units throughout 2025 by the emission factor of each fuel type, while NOₓ emission loads were determined using the equation stipulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Environment Number 4 of 2014, based on concentrations obtained from emission tests at each unit's stack. Pollutant dispersion was subsequently modeled using AERMOD, incorporating topographic, land cover, and meteorological data under two seasonal scenarios (wet and dry), with the average 2025 emission rates used as model inputs. The modeling results were evaluated at eight discrete receptors representing the nearest residential areas, for 1-hour and 24-hour averaging periods across both seasons.
The results indicate that PT XYZ's emission intensity in 2025 amounted to 23.21 tons CO₂/ton matte, 0.0016 tons CH₄/ton matte, and 0.05 tons NOₓ/ton matte, with the reduction kiln and rotary dryer identified as the dominant contributors due to their high coal consumption and use of mixed fuel. CO₂, CH₄, and NOₓ concentrations during the wet season were generally higher than those during the dry season at most receptors, attributable to lower mixing height and AERMOD's limitations in accounting for precipitation, except at receptor R8, which exhibited the opposite pattern due to a shift in the dominant wind direction between seasons. Evaluation of PT XYZ's emission control policies revealed that existing measures are insufficient to achieve the 33% GHG reduction target by 2030; additional mitigation measures are therefore recommended for the dryer and kiln as the largest GHG contributors (42.74% and 56.316%, respectively), including a 10% biochar substitution in the dryer (with a potential GHG reduction of 3.78%) and utilization of waste heat from the kiln (with a potential GHG reduction of 2.82%), along with the implementation of Low-NOx Burners in both units, which could potentially reduce NOₓ emissions by up to 23.66%.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Inventarisasi emisi, nickel matte, AERMOD, pemodelan dispersi udara, Emission inventory, nickel matte, AERMOD, air dispersion modeling
Subjects:	T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD171.75 Climate change mitigation T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD883.5 Air--Pollution T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD887.B58 Air pollutants. Bituminous materials
Divisions:	Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering (CIVPLAN) > Environmental Engineering > 25201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Aulia Joan Carouline Tandi Ontong
Date Deposited:	27 Jul 2026 03:05
Last Modified:	27 Jul 2026 03:05
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/137487

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