Kuswendy, Ian (2026) Evaluasi Desain Well Pad untuk Mitigasi Dampak Lingkungan Tumpahan Minyak pada Aktivitas Pengeboran Minyak dan Gas Bumi di Permukiman Padat Penduduk (Studi Kasus: Aktivitas Pengeboran di Distrik Suai, Timor Leste). Masters thesis, Insitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Kegiatan eksplorasi darat (onshore) memiliki risiko tumpahan minyak (oil spill) yang berdampak katastropik, terutama bila berdekatan dengan permukiman. Studi kasus rencana pengeboran sumur FetoKmaus-2 di Timor-Leste menghadapi tantangan paparan langsung terhadap permukiman Kotatasi yang diperparah oleh anomali curah hujan ekstrem serta karakteristik minyak ringan (light crude oil) bermobilitas tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kesesuaian teknis sistem penahanan sekunder tapak sumur (well pad), mengestimasi potensi kerugian ekonomi lingkungan, merumuskan redesain fasilitas ramah lingkungan, serta mengevaluasi keandalan taktis Oil Spill Contingency Plan (OSCP). Metodologi menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan geospasial. Evaluasi kapasitas infrastruktur diuji terhadap standar API RP 51R, US EPA SPCC, dan IFC Guidelines melalui integrasi volume Worst Case Discharge (WCD) dengan curah hujan 25-tahunan. Laju infiltrasi dianalisis dengan Hukum Darcy. Kelayakan perbaikan dijustifikasi menggunakan Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis (ECBA). Evaluasi OSCP dilakukan via pemodelan spasial tutupan lahan ArcGIS untuk rute lintasan tumpahan, dan standar analisis lapisan proteksi (LOPA-CCPS) untuk evaluasi waktu respons. Hasil penelitian mengonfirmasi desain eksisting tidak memadai. Meskipun kapasitas statis bund wall mampu menampung luapan awal, ketinggian efektifnya (0,5 meter) memberikan holding time yang sangat kritis (3,2 hari) untuk skenario blowout berkelanjutan, serta diperparah oleh kapasitas evakuasi Pollution Control Pit eksisting (177,8 m³/jam) yang gagal menahan debit gabungan puncak sebesar 862,92 m³/jam hingga memicu pelimpasan dalam waktu kurang dari 13 menit. Ketiadaan geomembrane juga memicu infiltrasi vertikal secara instan. ECBA memproyeksikan total liabilitas kegagalan mencapai Rp 11,41 Miliar. Rekomendasi redesain mewajibkan peninggian bund wall menjadi 0,65 meter guna menjamin batas aman sesuai standar US EPA SPCC, pemasangan HDPE geomembrane 1,5 2,0 mm, kemiringan tapak 2%–3%, serta unit PCP beton dengan manifol ganda 20 inci. Terakhir, evaluasi OSCP merekomendasikan pengalihan evakuasi luapan dari area permukiman (selatan) menuju koridor vegetasi (timur laut), disertai pewajiban penyediaan alat berat dalam status siaga penuh di lokasi guna mengeliminasi kesenjangan waktu tanggap darurat.
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Onshore exploration activities carry an inherent risk of oil spills that can cause catastrophic impacts, particularly when located adjacent to residential areas. The case study of the proposed FetoKmaus-2 exploration well drilling plan in Timor-Leste faces specific exposure challenges to the Kotatasi settlement, which are further exacerbated by extreme rainfall anomalies and the high mobility characteristics of light crude oil. This study aims to evaluate the technical compliance of the existing well pad secondary containment system, estimate potential environmental economic losses, formulate an eco-friendly facility redesign, and evaluate the tactical reliability of the Oil Spill Contingency Plan (OSCP). The research methodology employs quantitative and geospatial approaches. The capacity of the infrastructure was evaluated against API RP 51R, US EPA SPCC, and IFC Guidelines by integrating Worst Case Discharge (WCD) volumes with a 25-year return period rainfall data. Vertical infiltration rates were analyzed using Darcy's Law. The feasibility of facility modification was justified using an Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis (ECBA). The OSCP evaluation was conducted via ArcGIS spatial modeling of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) for spill trajectory mapping, and Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA-CCPS) for response time evaluation. The results confirm that the existing design of the well pad is inadequate. Although the static capacity of the bund wall can contain the initial spill, its effective height (0.5 meters) provides a critical holding time (3.2 days) for a continuous blowout scenario, which is further aggravated by the existing Pollution Control Pit's evacuation capacity (177.8 m³/hour) failing to handle the peak combined discharge of 862.92 m³/hour, thereby triggering overtopping in less than 13 minutes. The absence of a geomembrane liner causes instantaneous vertical infiltration. The ECBA projects the total failure liability to reach IDR 11.41 Billion. The redesign recommendations mandate increasing the bund wall height to 0.65 meters to guarantee a sufficient freeboard in accordance with US EPA SPCC standards, installing a 1.5–2.0 mm HDPE geomembrane, increasing the well pad slope to 2%–3%, and reconstructing a reinforced concrete PCP with dual 20-inch discharge manifolds. Finally, the OSCP evaluation recommends rerouting the spill evacuation pathway away from the residential area (south) toward a non-structural vegetative corridor (northeast), coupled with a mandated dedicated standby of heavy equipment on-site to eliminate response time gaps.
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