Rabbani, Zaid Nabil Muhammad (2026) Analisis Pengaruh Variasi Konsetrasi Urea Pada Metode PVD‑Layer Assisted Hydrothermal Terhadap Struktur Kristal, Morfologi, Dan Performa Elektrokimia Anoda NiCo₂O₄ Untuk Baterai Lithium-ion. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Baterai lithium-ion merupakan salah satu teknologi penyimpanan energi yang banyak digunakan, namun kapasitas teoritis anoda grafit yang relatif rendah mendorong pengembangan material alternatif seperti NiCo₂O₄. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi urea pada metode PVD-layer assisted hydrothermal terhadap struktur kristal, morfologi, dan performa elektrokimia anoda NiCo₂O₄ yang ditumbuhkan secara langsung pada substrat Cu. Variasi konsentrasi urea yang digunakan adalah 0,5 M, 1,0 M, dan 1,5 M. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan pengamatan visual, pengukuran massa, XRD, SEM-EDX, serta pengujian elektrokimia melalui CV, EIS, dan GCD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi urea mempengaruhi evolusi prekursor, jumlah material yang terdeposit, morfologi, struktur kristal, dan performa elektrokimia anoda NiCo₂O₄. Morfologi berubah dari nanoflower pada 0,5 M menjadi dense nanosheet pada 1,0 M dan 1,5 M. Hasil XRD menunjukkan terbentuknya fasa NiCo₂O₄ pada seluruh sampel, sedangkan fasa tambahan CoCO₃ mulai muncul pada konsentrasi urea yang lebih tinggi. Pengujian GCD menunjukkan bahwa elektroda NCO@Cu-1,0 memiliki performa terbaik dengan kapasitas discharge awal sebesar 1824 mAh g⁻¹, lebih tinggi dibandingkan NCO@Cu-0,5 (1337 mAh g⁻¹) dan NCO@Cu-1,5 (744 mAh g⁻¹), serta memiliki retensi kapasitas yang lebih baik selama pengujian siklus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi urea 1,0 M memberikan keseimbangan terbaik antara morfologi, struktur kristal, dan performa elektrokimia anoda NiCo₂O₄.
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Lithium-ion batteries are among the most widely used energy storage technologies; however, the relatively low theoretical capacity of graphite anodes has driven the development of alternative anode materials such as NiCo₂O₄. This study aims to investigate the effect of urea concentration in the PVD-layer assisted hydrothermal method on the crystal structure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of NiCo₂O₄ anodes directly grown on Cu substrates. Urea concentrations of 0.5 M, 1.0 M, and 1.5 M were investigated. The synthesized samples were characterized by visual observation, mass measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and electrochemical tests including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD). The results show that increasing the urea concentration influences precursor evolution, deposited mass, morphology, crystal structure, and the electrochemical performance of the NiCo₂O₄ anodes. The morphology changed from nanoflowers at 0.5 M to dense nanosheets at 1.0 M and 1.5 M. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of the NiCo₂O₄ phase in all samples, while an additional CoCO₃ phase appeared at higher urea concentrations. GCD measurements revealed that the NCO@Cu-1.0 electrode exhibited the best electrochemical performance, with an initial discharge capacity of 1824 mAh g⁻¹, compared with 1337 mAh g⁻¹ for NCO@Cu-0.5 and 744 mAh g⁻¹ for NCO@Cu-1.5, while also demonstrating superior capacity retention during cycling. These results indicate that a urea concentration of 1.0 M provides the best balance between morphology, crystal structure, and electrochemical performance of NiCo₂O₄ anodes synthesized using the PVD-layer assisted hydrothermal method.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Other) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Anoda, Baterai lithium-ion, NiCo₂O₄, Urea, Metode Hidrotermal, Anode, Lithium-ion Batteries, NiCo₂O₄, Urea, Hydrothermal Method |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK2921 Lithium cells. |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Material & Metallurgical Engineering > 28201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis |
| Depositing User: | Zaid Nabil Muhammad Rabbani |
| Date Deposited: | 27 Jul 2026 02:10 |
| Last Modified: | 27 Jul 2026 02:10 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/137760 |
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