Studi Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) Pengaruh Variasi Persentase Biomassa Dalam Skema Co-Firing Pada Pltu Pelabuhan Ratu Terhadap Dampak Lingkungan Dan Emisi Co₂

Syafrudin, Syafrudin (2026) Studi Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) Pengaruh Variasi Persentase Biomassa Dalam Skema Co-Firing Pada Pltu Pelabuhan Ratu Terhadap Dampak Lingkungan Dan Emisi Co₂. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) berbahan bakar batubara masih mendominasi penyediaan listrik nasional sekaligus menjadi penyumbang utama emisi gas rumah kaca. Co-firing biomassa merupakan strategi transisi energi rendah karbon yang dapat diterapkan pada PLTU eksisting tanpa modifikasi besar. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi dampak lingkungan dan emisi CO₂ dari variasi persentase co-firing sawdust pada PLTU Pelabuhan Ratu (3×350 MW) menggunakan metode Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) dengan batas sistem cradle-to-gate dan satuan fungsional 1 kWh listrik. Lima skenario dianalisis: baseline 100% batubara (S0) dan co-firing sawdust 5%, 10%, 15%, dan 20% berbasis energi (S1–S4). Pemodelan dilakukan dengan perangkat lunak openLCA 2.6.1 dan metode ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) pada empat kategori dampak: Global Warming Potential (GWP100), Terrestrial Acidification, Particulate Matter Formation, dan Ozone Formation, dilengkapi indikator Nilai Ekonomi Karbon (NEK). Hasil menunjukkan seluruh kategori dampak menurun konsisten seiring naiknya persentase co-firing. Pada substitusi 20% (S4), GWP100 menurun 19,6% (dari 0,5983 menjadi 0,4809 kg CO₂-eq/kWh), Terrestrial Acidification 41,0%, Particulate Matter Formation 37,1%, dan Ozone Formation 18,9% dibandingkan baseline. Tahap hulu batubara (cradle) menjadi hotspot dominan GWP100 (≈74%). Pada perhitungan Nilai Ekonomi Karbon (NEK) kondisi baseline, pajak karbon yang harus dibayar sebesar Rp24.637.093.866, lalu menurun dan mencapai titik impas pada rasio co-firing 10%. Pada rasio co-firing 15% dan 20%, perusahaan memperoleh surplus karbon, dengan potensi pendapatan sebesar Rp9.583.183.261 dan Rp20.989.942.303. Angka perubahan nilai ekonomi karbon dari beban sebesar Rp3.672/MWh pada kondisi baseline menjadi potensi pendapatan sebesar Rp3.128/MWh pada skenario co-firing 20%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa co-firing tidak hanya menurunkan emisi, tetapi juga mengubah posisi perusahaan dari pembayar menjadi penerima manfaat ekonomi karbon.
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Coal-fired steam power plants (PLTU) still dominate Indonesia’s electricity supply while being a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Biomass co-firing is a low-carbon energy-transition strategy applicable to existing plants without major modification. This study evaluates the environmental impacts and CO₂ emissions of varying sawdust co-firing percentages at Pelabuhan Ratu power plant (3×350 MW) using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with a cradle to gate boundary and a functional unit of 1 kWh of electricity. Five scenarios were analysed: a 100% coal baseline (S0) and sawdust co-firing of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% on an energy basis (S1–S4). Modelling used openLCA 2.6.1 with ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) across four impact categories—Global Warming Potential (GWP100), Terrestrial Acidification, Particulate Matter Formation, and Ozone Formation—complemented by a Carbon Economic Value (NEK) indicator. All impact categories declined consistently with increasing co-firing. At 20% substitution (S4), GWP100 decreased by 19.6% (from 0.5983 to 0.4809 kg CO₂-eq/kWh), Terrestrial Acidification by 41.0%, Particulate Matter Formation by 37.1%, and Ozone Formation by 18.9% relative to baseline. The upstream coal stage (cradle) was the dominant GWP100 hotspot (≈74%). In the Carbon Economic Value (NEK) calculation, the baseline condition incurs a carbon tax liability of IDR 24,637,093,866, which declines with increasing substitution and reaches break-even at a co-firing ratio of 10%. At co-firing ratios of 15% and 20%, the company obtains a carbon surplus, with potential revenues of IDR 9,583,183,261 and IDR 20,989,942,303, respectively. In normalized terms, the carbon economic value shifts from a burden of IDR 3,672/MWh under baseline conditions to a potential revenue of IDR 3,128/MWh under the 20% co-firing scenario. These findings demonstrate that co-firing not only reduces emissions but also transforms the company's position from a payer to a beneficiary of carbon economic value.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Subjects:	T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ808 Renewable energy sources. Energy harvesting.
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology > Mechanical Engineering > 21101-(S2) Master Thesis
Depositing User:	Syafrudin Syafrudin
Date Deposited:	28 Jul 2026 02:43
Last Modified:	28 Jul 2026 02:43
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/138049

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