Analisis Kontrak EPC Pembangunan Smelter Nikel Berdasarkan Standar Kontrak Internasional

Wijanarno, Alfina (2026) Analisis Kontrak EPC Pembangunan Smelter Nikel Berdasarkan Standar Kontrak Internasional. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Proyek Pembangunan Smelter Nikel yang diambil dalam studi kasus ini merupakan proyek lintas negara yang melibatkan pemilik proyek di Indonesia dan kontraktor EPC asal Cina, sehingga memerlukan kontrak yang jelas, komprehensif, dan mampu mengalokasikan risiko secara tepat. Hasil identifikasi awal menunjukkan bahwa kontrak existing masih memiliki kelemahan pada aspek Scope of Work, Variation, Spare Parts, Testing dan Commissioning, serta mekanisme pencegahan dan penyelesaian sengketa. Kondisi tersebut berpotensi menimbulkan perbedaan interpretasi, sengketa, keterlambatan, peningkatan biaya, dan menurunnya efektivitas koordinasi antar para pihak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi sengketa dominan dan faktor penyebabnya, menganalisis kesesuaian klausul kontrak existing terhadap standar kontrak EPC internasional, serta merumuskan penguatan klausul kontrak untuk meminimalkan potensi sengketa pada proyek EPC smelter. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus melalui wawancara mendalam, studi dokumen, dan observasi partisipatif. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan content analysis, frequency-impact analysis, serta comparative and gap analysis dengan membandingkan kontrak existing terhadap FIDIC Silver Book 2017, GCC, dan NEC4 ECC. Validasi dilakukan melalui metode Delphi dua putaran yang melibatkan 18 responden pada Delphi Round 1 dan 14 responden pada Delphi Round 2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sengketa dominan berkaitan dengan ruang lingkup pekerjaan, perubahan pekerjaan, perpanjangan waktu, antarmuka antar paket pekerjaan, testing dan commissioning, jaminan pelaksanaan, serta tanggung jawab perbaikan peralatan. Analisis kesenjangan dan validasi ahli menghasilkan sepuluh klausul kontrak prioritas yang memerlukan penguatan. Penguatan klausul disusun dengan mengintegrasikan praktik terbaik FIDIC Silver Book 2017, GCC, dan NEC4 ECC sehingga menghasilkan rumusan klausul kontrak EPC yang lebih komprehensif dan aplikatif sebagai acuan dalam pengembangan kontrak EPC smelter guna meningkatkan kepastian biaya, ketepatan jadwal, dan meminimalkan potensi sengketa.
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The Nickel Smelter Construction Project used in this case study is a cross-border project involving an Indonesian project owner and a Chinese EPC contractor. Therefore, a clear, comprehensive contract is required that accurately allocates risks. Initial identification results indicate that the existing contract still has weaknesses in the Scope of Work, Variation, Spare Parts, Testing and Commissioning, as well as dispute prevention and resolution mechanisms. These conditions have the potential to lead to differing interpretations, disputes, delays, increased costs, and decreased coordination between the parties. This study aims to identify the dominant disputes and their causes, analyse the compliance of existing contract clauses with international EPC contract standards, and formulate contract strengthening measures to minimize the potential for disputes in the EPC smelter project. The study employed a qualitative approach using a case study method through in-depth interviews, document review, and participant observation. The analysis was conducted using content analysis, frequency-impact analysis, and comparative and gap analysis by comparing the existing contract to the FIDIC Silver Book 2017, GCC, and NEC4 ECC. Validation was conducted using a two-round Delphi method involving 18 respondents in Delphi Round 1 and 14 respondents in Delphi Round 2. The results showed that the dominant disputes related to the scope of work, work changes, time extensions, interfaces between work packages, testing and commissioning, performance guarantees, and equipment repair responsibilities. Gap analysis and expert validation resulted in ten priority contract clauses requiring strengthening. The strengthened clauses were formulated by integrating best practices from the FIDIC Silver Book 2017, GCC, and NEC4 ECC, resulting in a more comprehensive and applicable EPC contract clause formulation as a reference in developing smelter EPC contracts to improve cost certainty, schedule accuracy, and minimize potential disputes.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Kontrak EPC, FIDIC, GCC, NEC4 ECC, Metode Delphi
Subjects:	T Technology > T Technology (General) > T56.8 Project Management
Divisions:	Interdisciplinary School of Management and Technology (SIMT) > 61101-Master of Technology Management (MMT)
Depositing User:	Alfina Wijanarno
Date Deposited:	28 Jul 2026 06:43
Last Modified:	28 Jul 2026 06:43
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/138570

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