Produksi Bio-Crude Oil dari Ampas Kopi Liberika dengan Menggunakan Metode Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL)

Tajrian, Hana Qonita Ainani (2026) Produksi Bio-Crude Oil dari Ampas Kopi Liberika dengan Menggunakan Metode Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL). Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

Text 5009221033-Undergraduate_Thesis.pdf Restricted to Repository staff only Download (4MB) | Request a copy

Abstract

Ampas kopi merupakan limbah agroindustri yang masih memiliki kandungan lipid, lignoselulosa, dan senyawa organik bernilai energi tinggi sehingga berpotensi dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku bio-crude oil melalui proses hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan karakteristik dan performa konversi tiga jenis ampas kopi, yaitu Arabika, Robusta, dan Liberika, serta menentukan kondisi operasi yang menghasilkan bio-crude oil dengan kualitas terbaik. Proses HTL dilakukan menggunakan reaktor batch tanpa katalis pada waktu retensi 10 menit dengan variasi jenis biomassa, rasio air terhadap biomassa (20:1, 9:1, dan 5:1), serta temperatur operasi (225–275°C). Produk bio-crude oil dianalisis menggunakan bomb calorimeter, FTIR, dan GC-MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis biomassa, rasio air terhadap biomassa, dan temperatur berpengaruh signifikan terhadap yield dan kualitas bio-crude oil. Pada kondisi optimum, yaitu temperatur 275°C dan rasio air terhadap biomassa 20:1, ampas kopi Liberika menghasilkan yield bio-crude oil tertinggi sebesar 53,0 wt% dengan nilai Higher Heating Value (HHV) sebesar 29 MJ kg⁻¹, lebih tinggi dibandingkan Arabika (42,0 wt%; 25 MJ kg⁻¹) dan Robusta (39,2 wt%; 28 MJ kg⁻¹). Analisis GC-MS menunjukkan bio-crude oil didominasi oleh senyawa asam karboksilat dan turunannya (60,31%), diikuti asam lemak (16,8%), senyawa fenolik (12,07%) dan aromatik (2,31%), sedangkan analisis FTIR mengonfirmasi keberadaan gugus hidroksil, hidrokarbon alifatik, karbonil, serta gugus C–O dan C–O–C yang menunjukkan terjadinya konversi lipid, karbohidrat, dan lignin selama proses HTL. Peningkatan rasio air dan temperatur meningkatkan reaksi hidrolisis, depolimerisasi, dehidrasi, dan dekarboksilasi sehingga meningkatkan yield serta densitas energi bio-crude oil dan menurunkan pembentukan char. Perhitungan energy recovery menunjukkan nilai sebesar 15,37%, lebih tinggi dibandingkan beberapa penelitian terdahulu, sehingga ampas kopi Liberika berpotensi menjadi bahan baku yang menjanjikan untuk produksi bio-crude oil melalui proses HTL.
=================================================================================================================================
Spent coffee grounds are agro-industrial residues rich in lipids, lignocellulosic compounds, and other energy-containing organic materials, making them promising feedstocks for bio-crude oil production through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). This study aimed to compare the conversion performance of Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica spent coffee grounds and determine the optimum operating conditions for producing high-quality bio-crude oil. HTL experiments were conducted in a batch reactor without catalyst at a retention time of 10 min using different feedstocks, water-to-biomass ratios (20:1, 9:1, and 5:1), and operating temperatures (225–275°C). The resulting bio-crude oils were characterized using bomb calorimetry, FTIR, and GC-MS analyses. The results demonstrated that biomass type, water-to-biomass ratio, and reaction temperature significantly influenced both bio-crude yield and quality. Under the optimum condition of 275°C and a water-to-biomass ratio of 20:1, Liberica spent coffee grounds produced the highest bio-crude yield of 53.0 wt% with a Higher Heating Value (HHV) of 29 MJ kg⁻¹, outperforming Arabica (42.0 wt%; 25 MJ kg⁻¹) and Robusta (39.2 wt%; 28 MJ kg⁻¹). GC-MS analysis revealed that the bio-crude oil was mainly composed of carboxylic acids and their derivatives (77.11%), followed by fatty acids (16,8%), phenolic compounds (12.07%) and aromatic compounds (2.31%). FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, aliphatic hydrocarbon, carbonyl, C–O, and C–O–C functional groups, indicating the conversion of lipids, carbohydrates, and lignin during HTL. Increasing the water-to-biomass ratio and reaction temperature promoted hydrolysis, depolymerization, dehydration, and decarboxylation reactions, resulting in higher bio-crude yield and energy density while suppressing char formation. The calculated energy recovery reached 15.37%, exceeding values reported in several previous studies. These findings indicate that Liberica spent coffee grounds are a promising feedstock for bio-crude oil production via hydrothermal liquefaction.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	ampas kopi; bio-crude oil; energy recovery; Higher Heating Value (HHV); hydrothermal liquefaction. ======================================================================================================================== bio-crude oil; energy recovery; Higher Heating Value (HHV); hydrothermal liquefaction; spent ground coffee.
Subjects:	T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP248.3 Biochemical engineering. Bioprocess engineering T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP315 Fuel T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP343 Liquid and gaseous fuel
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Physics Engineering > 30201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Hana Qonita Ainani Tajrian
Date Deposited:	31 Jul 2026 02:24
Last Modified:	31 Jul 2026 02:24
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/138581

Actions (login required)

View Item