Pengembangan Superacid Bifunctional Catalyst ZrO₂-SO₃H@MGO untuk Esterifikasi-Transesterifikasi Biodiesel Secara Simultan dari Crude Palm Oil

Zukhri, Muhammad Fakhrudin and Firmansyah, Muhammad Savril (2026) Pengembangan Superacid Bifunctional Catalyst ZrO₂-SO₃H@MGO untuk Esterifikasi-Transesterifikasi Biodiesel Secara Simultan dari Crude Palm Oil. Diploma thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Pesatnya konsumsi energi global mendorong eskalasi pengembangan energi terbarukan, salah satunya biodiesel berbasis Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Namun, tingginya kadar asam lemak bebas (FFA) pada CPO berpotensi menurunkan efisiensi reaksi akibat pembentukan sabun serta menyulitkan pemisahan produk. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang katalis heterogen superasam bifungsional ZrO-SOH@MGO yang menggabungkan situs aktif asam dan basa secara simultan untuk reaksi esterifikasi-transesterifikasi satu tahap. Sintesis katalis dilakukan melalui preparasi ZrO-SOH, pembuatan Magnetic Graphene Oxide (MGO), dan fabrikasi komposit menggunakan teknik adsorpsi fisik. Sifat fisikokimia komposit dikarakterisasi menggunakan XRD, FTIR, BET, SEM, TEM, EDX, dan TGA, diikuti pengujian aktivitas katalitik pada berbagai variasi loading fasa aktif. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa integrasi fasa aktif ZrO-SOH ke dalam matriks MGO secara signifikan meningkatkan kinerja katalis dalam mereduksi kadar FFA dan angka asam. Katalis ZrO-SOH@MGO-50 mencatatkan performa terbaik dengan capaian angka asam 0,1571 mg KOH/g, kadar FFA 0,0717%, serta konversi FFA mencapai 99,01%. Produk biodiesel yang dihasilkan memenuhi standar mutu fisik dengan densitas 0,860 g/mL, specific gravity 0,867, dan API gravity 31,678. Penelitian ini mengonfirmasi potensi besar katalis heterogen bifungsional ZrO-SOH@MGO untuk memproses bahan baku berasam tinggi secara efisien.
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The increasing global energy demand drives the development of renewable alternatives, including Crude Palm Oil (CPO)-based biodiesel. However, high Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content in CPO significantly reduces reaction efficiency through saponification and complicates product separation. This study aims to develop a novel superacid bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst, ZrO-SOH@MGO, integrating both acidic and basic active sites to enable simultaneous esterification-transesterification. The catalyst was synthesized via the preparation of ZrO-SOH, Magnetic Graphene Oxide (MGO), and physical adsorption-based composite fabrication. Comprehensive characterizations were performed using XRD, FTIR, BET, SEM, TEM, EDX, and TGA, while catalytic activity was evaluated across different active phase loadings. The results revealed that embedding the ZrO-SOH active phase into the MGO matrix enhanced catalytic performance in reducing FFA and acid value. The optimal configuration, ZrO-SOH@MGO-50, achieved an acid value of 0.1571 mg KOH/g, an FFA content of 0.0717%, and an FFA conversion of 99.01%. The synthesized biodiesel met standard specifications, displaying a density of 0.860 g/mL, specific gravity of 0.867, and API gravity of 31.678. These findings demonstrate the high effectiveness of ZrO-SOH@MGO as a bifunctional catalyst for processing high-FFA feedstocks.

Item Type:	Thesis (Diploma)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Biodiesel, CPO, Katalis Bifungsional, ZrO2-SO3H@MGO, Superasam Heterogen, Biodiesel, CPO, Bifunctional Catalyst, ZrO2-SO3H@MGO, Heterogeneous Superacid.
Subjects:	T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP359.B46 Biodiesel fuels.
Divisions:	Faculty of Vocational > 24305-Industrial Chemical Engineering
Depositing User:	Muhammad Fakhrudin Zukhri
Date Deposited:	29 Jul 2026 03:49
Last Modified:	29 Jul 2026 03:49
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/139451

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