Kendali Inersia Virtual Menggunakan Metode PID-MRAC untuk Kestabilan Frekuensi pada Microgrid

Sahal, Muhammad Usama (2026) Kendali Inersia Virtual Menggunakan Metode PID-MRAC untuk Kestabilan Frekuensi pada Microgrid. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Meningkatnya penetrasi sumber energi terbarukan berbasis inverter mengurangi inersia rotasional alami sistem tenaga, sehingga regulasi frekuensi pada mikrogrid terisolasi semakin rentan terhadap gangguan beban. Meskipun konsep Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) secara efektif memulihkan inersia sintetis melalui persamaan ayunan virtual, skema VSG adaptif yang ada hanya berfokus pada penyesuaian koefisien inersia dan redaman virtual, tanpa secara sistematis mengadaptasi penguatan PID yang mengendalikan inverter control loops. Penelitian ini mengusulkan skema kontrol PID berbasis Model Reference Adaptive Control (PID-MRAC) yang diterapkan langsung pada loop regulasi frekuensi VSG dalam mikrogrid terisolasi. Penguatan proporsional, integral, dan derivatif diperbarui secara online menggunakan aturan MIT yang dinormalisasi, digerakkan oleh error antara deviasi frekuensi terukur dan keluaran dari model referensi orde dua dengan rasio redaman 0,90 dan bandwidth 25,1327 rad/s. Prosedur analitis untuk memilih kondisi awal penguatan adaptif disajikan, dengan menetapkan IC = 0 untuk menambah redaman virtual efektif menjadi Deff = 35 Nms/rad , sehingga memberikan jaminan frekuensi keadaan tunak dalam rentang [49,50 – 50,50] Hz baik pada kondisi tanpa beban maupun beban penuh. Saturasi keluaran sebesar ±35 N·m diintegrasikan untuk mencegah integrator windup dari jalur adaptasi integral kuadratik. Hasil simulasi pada model nonlinier orde penuh dengan 25 keadaan dari mikrogrid terisolasi 30 kW dengan beban langkah 15 kW menunjukkan bahwa PID-MRAC yang diusulkan mampu mengurangi settling time sebesar 60,6%, IAE sebesar 28,5%, dan ITAE sebesar 63,9% dibandingkan dengan kontrol PID berpenguatan tetap, sekaligus mempertahankan kepatuhan terhadap pita frekuensi baik pada variasi beban dinamis satu langkah maupun multi-langkah.
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The increasing penetration of inverter-based renewable energy sources reduces the natural rotational inertia of power systems, making frequency regulation in islanded microgrids increasingly vulnerable to load disturbances. Although the Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) concept effectively restores synthetic inertia through a virtual swing equation, existing adaptive VSG schemes focus exclusively on adjusting virtual inertia and damping coefficients, without systematically adapting the PID gains that govern the inverter control loops. This paper proposes a PID control scheme based on Model Reference Adaptive Control (PID-MRAC) applied directly to the VSG frequency regulation loop of an islanded microgrid. The proportional, integral, and derivative gains are updated online using the normalized MIT rule, driven by the error between the measured frequency deviation and the output of a prescribed second-order reference model with damping ratio 0.90 and bandwidth 25.1327 rad/s. An analytical procedure for selecting the initial adaptive gain condition is presented, which sets IC = 0 to augment the effective virtual damping to Deff = 35 N·m·s/rad, providing a provable steady-state frequency guarantee within [49.50, 50.50] Hz under both noload and rated-load conditions. An output saturation of ±35 N·m is incorporated to prevent integrator windup from the quadratic integral adaptation path. Simulation results on a 25-state fullorder nonlinear model of a 30 kW islanded microgrid with a 15 kW step load show that the proposed PID-MRAC reduces settling time by 60.6%, IAE by 28.5%, and ITAE by 63.9% compared to a fixed-gain PID controller, while maintaining consistent frequency band compliance under both single-step and multi-step dynamic load variations.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Adaptive PID Control, Frequency Stability, Islanded Microgrid, Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC), Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG), Adaptive PID Control, Frequency Stability, Islanded Microgrid, Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC), Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG)
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK1007 Electric power systems control T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK1087 Photovoltaic power generation T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK2692 Inverters
Divisions:	Faculty of Electrical Technology > Electrical Engineering > 20101-(S2) Master Thesis
Depositing User:	Muhammad Usama Sahal
Date Deposited:	30 Jul 2026 02:11
Last Modified:	30 Jul 2026 02:11
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/139640

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