Desain Pabrik Katoda Nikel Dan Logam Kobalt Dari Bijih Nikel Laterit Menggunakan Proses Hidrometalurgi

Syamsudin, Zydan Muhammad Fathussalam and Mahatri, Muhammad Alif (2026) Desain Pabrik Katoda Nikel Dan Logam Kobalt Dari Bijih Nikel Laterit Menggunakan Proses Hidrometalurgi. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Studi ini menyajikan desain dan kajian kelayakan tekno-ekonomi pabrik hidrometalurgi terintegrasi untuk memproduksi katoda nikel dan logam kobalt berkualitas baterai dari bijih nikel laterit. Desain ini merupakan respons terhadap kebutuhan strategis hilirisasi industri nikel Indonesia sesuai Peraturan Presiden Nomor 12 Tahun 2025 dan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja Nomor 11 Tahun 2020, guna mengalihkan orientasi produksi dari ekspor produk antara bernilai rendah menuju logam baterai berkemurnian tinggi. Pabrik dirancang untuk memproses bijih nikel laterit tipe saprolit–limonit dari Blok Sorowako, Kabupaten Luwu Timur, Sulawesi Selatan, dengan kapasitas produksi 12.000 ton per tahun katoda nikel (Ni9996, kemurnian ≥99,96%, GB/T 6516-2025) dan 84,1 ton per tahun logam kobalt (Co9980, kemurnian ≥99,80%, YS/T 255-2009), beroperasi selama 330 hari per tahun dengan umur pabrik 25 tahun. Masa konstruksi ditetapkan selama 2 tahun dengan target mulai beroperasi pada tahun 2028. Pemilihan rute proses dilakukan menggunakan metode Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) dengan validasi sensitivitas terhadap enam konfigurasi hidrometalurgi. Rute High-Pressure Acid Leaching yang dipadukan dengan Direct Solvent Extraction dan Electrowinning (HPAL–DSX–EW) terpilih sebagai konfigurasi optimal. Unit HPAL beroperasi pada suhu 250 °C dan tekanan 50 bar, menghasilkan perolehan nikel sebesar 96% dan kobalt sebesar 99,9% melalui hidrolisis selektif besi menjadi hematit. Uap hasil penurunan tekanan bertingkat pada tiga flash tank dimanfaatkan kembali sebagai media pemanas slurry umpan melalui rangkaian direct contact heater, sehingga kebutuhan steam segar dari boiler dapat ditekan secara signifikan. Sirkuit DSX menggunakan Versatic 10 untuk penghilangan mangan dan magnesium serta Cyanex 272 untuk pemisahan kobalt–nikel, sehingga mengeliminasi tahap pengendapan antara yang diperlukan pada flowsheet konvensional. Total biaya peralatan proses tercatat sebesar USD 37.903.370,80. Evaluasi ekonomi menghasilkan Total Capital Investment (TCI) sebesar Rp9,18 triliun, OPEX sebesar Rp2,01 triliun per tahun, WACC sebesar 10,20%, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) sebesar 11,96%, Net Present Value (NPV) sebesar Rp14,32 triliun, Pay Out Time (POT) selama 9,34 tahun, dan Break-Even Point (BEP) pada kapasitas 18,79%. Hasil ini mengonfirmasi kelayakan teknis dan finansial proyek serta merekomendasikannya untuk direalisasikan
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This study presents the design and techno-economic feasibility assessment of an integrated hydrometallurgical plant to produce battery-grade nickel cathode and cobalt metal from lateritic nickel ore. The design responds to Indonesia’s strategic imperative to advance nickel downstream industrialization, as mandated under Presidential Regulation No. 12/2025 and Omnibus Law No. 11/2020, by transitioning from low-value intermediate exports toward high-purity battery metal production. The plant processes saprolite–limonite lateritic nickel ore sourced from the Sorowako Block, Luwu Timur, South Sulawesi, with a production capacity of 12,000 metric tons per year of nickel cathode (Ni9996, ≥99.96% purity, GB/T 6516-2025) and 84.1 metric tons per year of cobalt metal (Co9980, ≥99.80% purity, YS/T 255-2009), operating 330 days per year over a plant lifetime of 25 years. Construction is scheduled over 2 years with a target start of operations in 2028. Process route selection was conducted using the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) with sensitivity validation across six hydrometallurgical configurations. The High-Pressure Acid Leaching route combined with Direct Solvent Extraction and Electrowinning (HPAL–DSX–EW) was selected as the optimal configuration. The HPAL unit operates at 250 °C and 50 bar, achieving nickel and cobalt recoveries of 96% and 99.9%, respectively, through selective iron hydrolysis to hematite. Flash steam generated by the three-stage pressure letdown is recovered as the heating medium for the feed slurry through a series of direct contact heaters, substantially reducing fresh steam demand from the boiler. The DSX circuit employs Versatic 10 for manganese and magnesium rejection and Cyanex 272 for cobalt–nickel separation, eliminating the intermediate precipitation stages required in conventional flowsheets. Total process equipment cost is USD 37,903,370.80. Economic evaluation yields a Total Capital Investment (TCI) of IDR 9.18 trillion, OPEX of IDR 2.01 trillion per year, WACC of 10.20%, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 11.96%, Net Present Value (NPV) of IDR 14.32 trillion, Pay Out Time (POT) of 9.34 years, and a Break-Even Point (BEP) at 18.79% capacity, confirming the technical and financial viability of the project and recommending it for implementation

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Katoda Nikel, Logam Kobalt, HPAL, Direct Solvent Extraction, Electrowinning, Bijih Nikel Laterit, Hidrometalurgi, Nickel Cathode, Cobalt Metal, HPAL, Direct Solvent Extraction, Electrowinning, Laterite Nickel Ore, Hydrometallurgy
Subjects:	T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP155.5 Chemical plants--Design and construction
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Chemical Engineering > 24201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Zydan Muhammad Fathussalam Syamsudin
Date Deposited:	29 Jul 2026 08:02
Last Modified:	29 Jul 2026 08:02
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/139800

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