Winarno, Basuki (2026) Kajian Engagement Pengembangan Energi Biodiesel di Sektor Transportasi Umum: Model Multi Stakeholder-Multi Kriteria. Doctoral thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Transisi menuju energi berkelanjutan menempatkan biodiesel sebagai salah satu instrumen strategis dalam menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca, meningkatkan ketahanan energi nasional, dan mendorong pemanfaatan sumber daya domestik. Implementasi program mandatori biodiesel di sektor transportasi umum hingga saat ini menunjukkan pencapaian signifikan secara kuantitatif, namun tantangan utama yang masih dihadapi adalah inkonsistensi kualitas biodiesel yang berdampak pada unjuk kerja mesin, efisiensi operasional, serta tingkat kepercayaan pengguna. Permasalahan ini mengindikasikan bahwa keberhasilan implementasi biodiesel tidak hanya ditentukan oleh kebijakan top-down, tetapi juga sangat bergantung pada efektivitas keterlibatan stakeholder secara lebih terintegrasi. Stakeholder engagement merupakan pendekatan yang lebih adaptif, kolaboratif, dan berorientasi pada keberhasilan implementasi jangka panjang. Pendekatan ini menempatkan berbagai aktor, baik yang berpengaruh langsung maupun tidak, sebagai bagian integral dalam ekosistem pengembangan biodiesel. Keterlibatan aktif stakeholder berfungsi sebagai mekanisme koordinasi dan sarana co-creation value, sehingga inovasi dan solusi dihasilkan melalui interaksi multipihak. Dalam konteks ini, peran stakeholder menjadi sangat krusial sebagai penentu keberhasilan implementasi yang tidak hanya bersifat administratif, tetapi juga teknis dan operasional di lapangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan model pengembangan keterlibatan stakeholder untuk meningkatkan adopsi implementasi biodiesel di sektor transportasi umum. Suatu model diusulkan melalui kombinasi pendekatan Design Thinking, DEMATEL dan ANP dan digunakan untuk mendapatkan faktor-faktor kunci dalam proses pengambilan keputusan multi-kriteria – multi-stakeholder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan enam (6) faktor kritis dari perspektif multi-stakeholder dalam peningkatan kualitas biodiesel di sektor transportasi umum. Faktor-faktor tersebut meliputi: (1) dinamika ekonomi dan industri, yang mencerminkan kondisi pasar, struktur biaya, serta interaksi antar pelaku industri; (2) pondasi ilmiah dan teknologi, yang mencakup kapasitas riset, inovasi, adopsi teknologi produksi dan pengujian kualitas biodiesel; (3) keandalan dan daya saing ekosistem biodiesel, yang berkaitan dengan stabilitas pasokan, efisiensi rantai nilai, serta kemampuan bersaing dengan bahan bakar konvensional; (4) lingkungan eksternal dan konteks strategis, termasuk faktor regulasi global, tekanan lingkungan, dan arah kebijakan energi; (5) tata kelola dan kelembagaan kebijakan, yang mencerminkan efektivitas regulasi, koordinasi antar lembaga, dan konsistensi implementasi kebijakan; serta (6) kesiapan sistem industri biodiesel, yang meliputi infrastruktur, kapasitas produksi, dan kesiapan pelaku industri dalam memenuhi standar kualitas yang ditetapkan. Keenam faktor ini secara simultan membentuk kerangka determinan yang memengaruhi keberhasilan peningkatan kualitas biodiesel dalam mendukung kinerja sektor transportasi umum. Terdapat tiga (3) faktor dominan pendorong utama yang memberikan dampak stimulus signifikan dalam peningkatan kualitas biodiesel di sektor transportasi umum. Ketiga faktor tersebut adalah faktor strategis eksternal dan keberlanjutan; tata kelola dan ekosistem kebijakan biodiesel; serta faktor kelayakan finansial, dinamika pasar, dan risiko industri biodiesel. Sedangkan tiga (3) faktor terdampak adalah inovasi teknologi, keberlanjutan, dan penguatan ilmiah biodiesel; kinerja biodiesel dan implementasi teknis biodiesel serta keberlanjutan implementasi dan ketahanan sistem pasokan biodiesel. Penelitian ini menghasilkan ide inovasi secara manajerial melalui (1) pembangunan platform kolaboratif nasional untuk menyatukan seluruh stakeholder dalam pengawasan kualitas biodiesel secara partisipatif dan transparan. (2) Membangun zona uji coba nyata (living lab) di kota-kota besar di seluruh Indonesia untuk menguji kualitas biodiesel secara langsung dalam operasional transportasi umum. (3) Membangun sistem insentif berbasis kualitas biodiesel yang melibatkan seluruh stakeholder dalam mekanisme reward & penalty. Sebagai salah satu hasil analisis model salience stakeholder (4 kuadran), diperoleh 3 kelompok aktor (EBTKE, Manufaktur Truk, BPDPKS dan APROBI) yang harus terus dikelola dengan sangat intensif. KNKT dan GAPKI merupakan kelompok aktor yang harus selalu dijaga agar berkolaborasi secara penuh, dan BRIN menjadi aktor di mana komunikasi intensif harus selalu dikelola. Model pendekatan ilmiah melalui framework sosial teknologi sangat sesuai dan selaras dalam meningkatkan pemanfaatan biodiesel dalam menunjang sustainability energi baru dan terbarukan di Indonesia.
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The transition to sustainable energy positions biodiesel as one of the strategic instruments in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing national energy resilience, and promoting the utilization of domestic resources. The implementation of the mandatory biodiesel program in the public transportation sector to date has shown significant quantitative achievements, but the main challenge still faced is the inconsistency in biodiesel quality, which affects engine performance, operational efficiency, and user trust. This issue indicates that the success of biodiesel implementation is not only determined by top-down policies but also heavily relies on the effectiveness of more integrated stakeholder engagement. Stakeholder engagement is a more adaptive, collaborative, and long-term implementation success-oriented approach. This approach places various actors, both directly and indirectly influential, as integral parts of the biodiesel development ecosystem. The active involvement of stakeholders serves as a coordination mechanism and a means of co-creating value, so that innovations and solutions are generated through multi-party interactions. In this context, the role of stakeholders becomes crucial as a determinant of the success of implementation, which is not only administrative but also technical and operational in the field. This research aims to develop a stakeholder engagement model to enhance the adoption of biodiesel implementation in the public transportation sector. A model is proposed using a combination of Design Thinking, DEMATEL, and ANP approaches to identify key factors in the multi-criteria, multi-stakeholder decision-making process. The research results reveal six (6) critical factors from a multi-stakeholder perspective in improving the quality of biodiesel in the public transportation sector. These factors include: (1) economic and industrial dynamics, reflecting market conditions, cost structures, and interactions among industry players; (2) scientific and technological foundations, encompassing research capacity, innovation, production technology adoption, and biodiesel quality testing; (3) the reliability and competitiveness of the biodiesel ecosystem, related to supply stability, value chain efficiency, and competitiveness with conventional fuels; (4) external environment and strategic context, including global regulatory factors, environmental pressures, and energy policy directions; (5) governance and policy institutions, reflecting regulatory effectiveness, inter-agency coordination, and policy implementation consistency; and (6) the readiness of the biodiesel industrial system, including infrastructure, production capacity, and industry players' readiness to meet established quality standards. These six factors simultaneously form a determinant framework that influences the success of improving biodiesel quality in supporting the performance of the public transportation sector. There are three (3) dominant driving factors that significantly stimulate the improvement of biodiesel quality in the public transportation sector. These three factors are external strategic factors and sustainability: governance & biodiesel policy ecosystem, as well as financial feasibility, market dynamics, and biodiesel industry risks. Meanwhile, the three (3) impacted factors are technological innovation, sustainability, and scientific strengthening of biodiesel, biodiesel performance and technical implementation of biodiesel, as well as the sustainability of implementation and resilience of the biodiesel supply system. This research generates managerial innovation ideas thru (1) the development of a national collaborative platform to unite all stakeholders in the participatory and transparent oversight of biodiesel quality. (2) Building real-life testing zones (living labs) in major cities across Indonesia to directly test the quality of biodiesel in public transportation operations. (3) Developing a quality-based biodiesel incentive system that involves all stakeholders in a reward and penalty mechanism. As one of the results of the stakeholder salience model analysis (4 quadrants), 3 actors (RBTKE, Truck Manufacturers, BPDPKS, and APROBI) were identified as actors that must be managed very intensively. Meanwhile, KNKT and GAPKI are the 2 actors that must always be maintained to ensure full collaboration, and BRIN must always have intensive communication. The scientific approach model through the socio-technical framework is very appropriate and aligned in enhancing the utilization of biodiesel to support the sustainability of new and renewable energy in Indonesia.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctoral) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Biodiesel, DEMATEL, Design Thinking, Stakeholder Engagement |
| Subjects: | H Social Sciences > HD Industries. Land use. Labor > HD30.23 Decision making. Business requirements analysis. |
| Divisions: | Interdisciplinary School of Management and Technology (SIMT) > 66105-Doctor of Technology Management (DMT) |
| Depositing User: | Basuki Winarno |
| Date Deposited: | 29 Jul 2026 03:53 |
| Last Modified: | 29 Jul 2026 03:53 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/140347 |
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