Rizkita, Citra Wahyu (2026) Penerapan PEF (Pulsed Electric Field) dan Ultrasound Pada Kestraksi Rimpang Lengkuas (Alpinia galanga(L)) dan Jahe (Zingibere officinale) Dengan Metide Solvent Free Microwave Extraction dan Potensi Bahan Aktif Sunscreen. Doctoral thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Paparan radiasi ultraviolet (UV) yang tinggi di wilayah tropis meningkatkan kebutuhan terhadap bahan aktif sunscreen alami yang aman, efektif, dan berkelanjutan. Rimpang lengkuas merah (Alpinia purpurata), lengkuas putih (Alpinia galanga), dan jahe gajah (Zingiber officinale var. officinarum) merupakan tanaman biofarmaka yang mengandung senyawa bioaktif, seperti terpenoid, fenolik, flavonoid, galangin, eugenol, gingerol, dan shogaol, yang berpotensi memberikan aktivitas antioksidan dan fotoprotektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh pretreatment Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) dan ultrasound terhadap ekstraksi minyak atsiri lengkuas merah dan lengkuas putih menggunakan metode Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction (SFME), serta membandingkan kinerja Microwave Hydrodistillation (MHD) dan Microwave-Assisted Solvent Extraction (MASE) pada ekstraksi jahe gajah. Kajian penelitian meliputi pemodelan kinetika ekstraksi, optimasi proses menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM) dengan rancangan Box–Behnken Design, karakterisasi senyawa menggunakan Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), evaluasi konsumsi energi, penentuan nilai Sun Protection Factor (SPF) secara in vitro, serta formulasi krim sunscreen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pretreatment PEF dan ultrasound meningkatkan efektivitas ekstraksi lengkuas melalui peningkatan permeabilitas jaringan dan percepatan perpindahan massa. Pada lengkuas merah, kombinasi PEF–SFME menghasilkan rendemen tertinggi sekitar 2,00%, sedangkan pada lengkuas putih rendemen tertinggi diperoleh melalui kombinasi ultrasound–SFME sebesar 2,70%, diikuti PEF–SFME sebesar 2,53%. Pada jahe gajah, metode MHD menghasilkan rendemen optimum sekitar 6,70%, sedangkan MASE menghasilkan rendemen sekitar 5,05%. Pengujian SPF menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak lengkuas merah hasil PEF–SFME menghasilkan nilai SPF tertinggi lebih dari 11, sedangkan ekstrak lengkuas putih hasil pretreatment menghasilkan nilai SPF tertinggi sekitar 9,5 pada konsentrasi ekstrak 16%. Ekstrak jahe hasil MASE menunjukkan nilai SPF lebih tinggi dibandingkan MHD, dengan nilai maksimum sekitar 10,44. Formulasi krim dengan ekstrak jahe hasil MASE menghasilkan nilai SPF tertinggi sebesar 16,97, lebih tinggi dibandingkan krim dengan ekstrak hasil MHD sebesar 14.8, dan termasuk kategori proteksi ultra berdasarkan klasifikasi SPF yang digunakan dalam penelitian. Untuk krim dengan ekstrak lengkuas merah dengan PEF sebesar 19.0 dan lengkuas putih dengan pretreatment Ultrasound sebesar 18.8 yang keduanya juga masuk dalam kategori perlindungan Ultra. Secara keseluruhan, integrasi pretreatment fisik, ekstraksi berbasis microwave, pemodelan kinetika, optimasi proses, karakterisasi senyawa, evaluasi energi, dan pengujian SPF menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak rimpang lengkuas dan jahe berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai bahan aktif sunscreen alami.
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High exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in tropical regions increases the demand for natural sunscreen active ingredients that are safe, effective, and sustainable. Red galangal rhizome (Alpinia purpurata), white galangal rhizome (Alpinia galanga), and giant ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. officinarum) are medicinal plants containing bioactive compounds, such as terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, galangin, eugenol, gingerol, and shogaol, which potentially exhibit antioxidant and photoprotective activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) and ultrasound pretreatments on the extraction of essential oils from red and white galangal using Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction (SFME), as well as to compare the performance of Microwave Hydrodistillation (MHD) and Microwave-Assisted Solvent Extraction (MASE) for giant ginger extraction. The study included extraction kinetic modelling, process optimisation using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken Design, compound characterisation using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), energy consumption evaluation, in vitro determination of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF), and sunscreen cream formulation. The results showed that PEF and ultrasound pretreatments enhanced the extraction effectiveness of galangal by increasing tissue permeability and accelerating mass transfer. For red galangal, the PEF–SFME combination produced the highest yield of approximately 2.00%, whereas the highest yield for white galangal was obtained using ultrasound–SFME at 2.70%, followed by PEF–SFME at 2.53%. For giant ginger, the MHD method produced an optimum yield of approximately 6.70%, while MASE produced a yield of approximately 5.05%. SPF testing showed that red galangal extract obtained using PEF–SFME produced the highest SPF value of more than 11, whereas pretreated white galangal extract produced the highest SPF value of approximately 9.5 at an extract concentration of 16%. Ginger extract obtained using MASE exhibited a higher SPF value than that obtained using MHD, with a maximum value of approximately 10.44. The cream formulation containing ginger extract obtained using MASE produced the highest SPF value of 16.97, which was higher than that of the cream containing MHD extract, with an SPF value of 14.8, and was classified as providing ultra protection according to the SPF classification applied in this study. Cream formulations containing PEF-treated red galangal extract and ultrasound-treated white galangal extract produced SPF values of 19.0 and 18.8, respectively, both of which were also classified as providing ultra protection. Overall, the integration of physical pretreatment, microwave-based extraction, kinetic modelling, process optimisation, compound characterisation, energy evaluation, and SPF testing demonstrated that galangal and ginger rhizome extracts have potential for development as natural active sunscreen ingredients.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctoral) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Microwave-Assisted Extraction; Microwave Hydrodistillation; Microwave-Assisted Extraction; Microwave Hydrodistillation; Pulsed Electric Field; Sun Protection Factor; Ultrasound Pretreatment, Pulsed Electric Field; Sun Protection Factor; Ultrasound Pretreatment |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD63 Extraction T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP156 Crystallization. Extraction (Chemistry). Fermentation. Distillation. Emulsions. |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Chemical Engineering > 24001-(S3) PhD Thesis |
| Depositing User: | Citra Wahyu Rizkita |
| Date Deposited: | 07 Aug 2026 02:17 |
| Last Modified: | 07 Aug 2026 02:18 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/140905 |
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