Simulation and Performance Analysis of High Expansion Foam (HEF) Fire Suppression System for Electric Vehicle Fires on Ro-Ro Ferries

Rafi, Athaya Fawwaz Najlaa (2026) Simulation and Performance Analysis of High Expansion Foam (HEF) Fire Suppression System for Electric Vehicle Fires on Ro-Ro Ferries. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Peningkatan pengangkutan kendaraan listrik menggunakan kapal Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro-Ro) menimbulkan tantangan keselamatan kebakaran karena baterai lithium ion dapat mengalami thermal runaway, pelepasan panas tinggi, dan propagasi termal antarmodul. Penelitian ini mengembangkan model kebakaran baterai kendaraan listrik dan mengevaluasi respons sistem High Expansion Foam (HEF) pada Deck D dan Deck E KM Dharma Kencana V menggunakan Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) melalui PyroSim. Setiap skenario menggunakan sembilan modul baterai dengan susunan 3 × 3, Modul 5 sebagai sumber api awal, dan temperatur 100°C sebagai pemicu aktivasi modul di sekitarnya. Satu alat HEF berbasis VGH10000 ditempatkan di atas kendaraan listrik dan diaktifkan pada sekitar detik ke-60 dengan debit 442 L/menit, laju pembentukan 200 partikel/detik, serta kecepatan partikel 20 m/s. Kedua simulasi dijalankan selama 1.500 detik dan dianalisis berdasarkan heat release rate (HRR), temperatur modul baterai, respons thermocouple di sekitar kendaraan, temperature slice, visibility slice, dan visualisasi Smokeview. Deck D menghasilkan puncak HRR sebesar 4.277,76 kW pada 1.438,02 detik dan pelepasan panas terintegrasi sebesar 3.957,31 MJ. Lima modul di sekitar sumber api teraktivasi, dengan temperatur maksimum modul sebesar 1.039,02°C. Deck E menghasilkan puncak HRR sebesar 4.364,30 kW pada 1.326,01 detik dan pelepasan panas terintegrasi sebesar 4.027,80 MJ. Enam modul di sekitar sumber api teraktivasi, dengan temperatur maksimum modul sebesar 673,38°C. Pada detik ke-1.500, HRR masih sebesar 3.101,53 kW pada Deck D dan 2.839,84 kW pada Deck E, sedangkan visualisasi menunjukkan kebakaran lokal dan akumulasi asap masih berlangsung. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa satu alat HEF memberikan pengendalian termal parsial, tetapi belum mencegah propagasi multimodul maupun menghasilkan pemadaman penuh. Deck D menunjukkan pemanasan lokal awal yang lebih berat, sedangkan Deck E menunjukkan propagasi yang lebih luas dan berlangsung lebih lama.
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The increasing carriage of electric vehicles on Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro-Ro) ferries introduces significant fire safety challenges because lithium ion batteries may undergo thermal runaway, high heat release, and module to module thermal propagation. This study developed an electric vehicle battery fire model and evaluated the response of a High Expansion Foam (HEF) system on Deck D and Deck E of KM Dharma Kencana V using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) through PyroSim. Each scenario used nine battery modules arranged in a 3 × 3 configuration, with Module 5 as the initial fire source and 100°C as the activation trigger for the surrounding modules. One VGH10000 based HEF device was positioned above the electric vehicle and activated at approximately 60 s with a flow rate of 442 L/min, a particle generation rate of 200 particles/s, and a particle velocity of 20 m/s. Both simulations were conducted for 1,500 s and evaluated using heat release rate (HRR), battery module temperature, surrounding thermocouple response, temperature slices, visibility slices, and Smokeview visualisation. Deck D reached a peak HRR of 4,277.76 kW at 1,438.02 s and an integrated heat release of 3,957.31 MJ. Five neighbouring modules were activated, and the maximum module temperature reached 1,039.02°C. Deck E reached a peak HRR of 4,364.30 kW at 1,326.01 s and an integrated heat release of 4,027.80 MJ. Six neighbouring modules were activated, and the maximum module temperature reached 673.38°C. At 1,500 s, the HRR remained 3,101.53 kW on Deck D and 2,839.84 kW on Deck E, while the visual outputs showed continued local fire development and smoke accumulation. The results indicate that one HEF device provided partial thermal control but did not prevent multi module propagation or achieve complete extinguishment. Deck D exhibited more severe early local heating, whereas Deck E exhibited broader and more prolonged propagation

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Fire Dynamics Simulator, High Expansion Foam, Kapal Ro-Ro. Kendaraan Listrik, Thermal propagation, Electric Vehicle, Fire Dynamics Simulator, High Expansion Foam, Ro-Ro ferry, Thermal Propagation
Subjects:	V Naval Science > VK > VK1258 Ships--Fires and fire prevention V Naval Science > VM Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering > VM381 Passenger ships
Divisions:	Faculty of Marine Technology (MARTECH) > Marine Engineering > 36202-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Athaya Fawwaz Najlaa Rafi
Date Deposited:	03 Aug 2026 02:12
Last Modified:	03 Aug 2026 02:12
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/141928

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