Analisis Eksperimental Unjuk Kerja Dan Emisi Bahan Bakar Coal Oil Mixture (HFO-Batubara) Pada Mesin Diesel

Ramadhan, Tatar Surya (2026) Analisis Eksperimental Unjuk Kerja Dan Emisi Bahan Bakar Coal Oil Mixture (HFO-Batubara) Pada Mesin Diesel. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Coal Oil Mixture (COM) merupakan salah satu alternatif pemanfaatan batubara peringkat rendah untuk mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap bahan bakar minyak. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh penggunaan Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) dan COM berbasis batubara hasil microwave irradiation terhadap sifat fisik bahan bakar, performa mesin diesel, serta karakteristik emisi gas buang. COM dibuat menggunakan dua jenis batubara, yaitu Banko Tengah Utara (BTU) dan Banko Selatan (BS), dengan komposisi 20% berat batubara, 75% HFO, dan 5% surfaktan Tween 80. Batubara digiling dengan ayakan 200 mesh, kemudian di-upgrade menggunakan microwave irradiation selama 20 menit. Pengujian meliputi karakterisasi sifat fisik bahan bakar serta pengujian performa dan emisi pada mesin diesel Yanmar TF85MH. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa penambahan batubara menurunkan densitas HFO dari 915,8 kg/m³ menjadi 803,6 kg/m³ pada COM BTU dan 863,4 kg/m³ pada COM BS, sedangkan viskositas meningkat dari 142,4 cSt menjadi 199,1 cSt (COM BTU ) dan 180,68 cSt (COM BS). Nilai kalor COM BTU (43,7395 MJ/kg) mendekati HFO (43,7985 MJ/kg), sedangkan COM BS lebih rendah (41,9011 MJ/kg). Pada kondisi beban optimum, HFO menghasilkan daya maksimum 2,311 kW, torsi maksimum 12,260 Nm, dan SFOC minimum 0,369 kg/kWh, sedangkan COM BS dan COM BTU masing-masing menghasilkan daya 1,805 kW dan 1,757 kW, torsi 10,236 Nm dan 9,954 Nm, serta SFOC minimum 0,481 kg/kWh dan 0,530 kg/kWh. Penurunan performa tersebut dipengaruhi oleh meningkatnya viskositas bahan bakar yang menyebabkan atomisasi dan proses pembakaran menjadi lebih lambat. Penggunaan COM juga meningkatkan emisi, ditunjukkan oleh NOₓ maksimum 104 ppm pada COM BS dibandingkan 98 ppm pada HFO. Kemudian, emisi CO₂ maksimum COM BS (1,77% vol) dan COM BTU (1,67% vol) lebih rendah dibandingkan HFO (1,88% vol). Selain itu, smoke value maksimum COM BS (4,0% vol) dan COM BTU (4,2% vol) lebih tinggi dibandingkan HFO (3,6% vol). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa COM BS 20% memberikan performa yang lebih baik dibandingkan COM BTU 20% karena memiliki viskositas lebih rendah sehingga menghasilkan atomisasi dan pembakaran yang lebih efektif, meskipun HFO tetap menunjukkan kinerja terbaik secara keseluruhan.
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Coal Oil Mixture (COM) is one of the alternatives for utilizing low-rank coal to reduce dependence on oil fuel. This study aims to analyze the effect of using Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) and coal-based COM with microwave irradiation on the physical properties of the fuel, diesel engine performance, and exhaust gas emission characteristics. COM was made using two types of coal, namely Banko Tengah Utara (BTU) and Banko Selatan (BS), with a composition of 20% coal by weight, 75% HFO, and 5% Tween 80 surfactant. The coal was ground with a 200-mesh sieve and then upgraded using microwave irradiation for 20 minutes. The testing included characterizing the physical properties of the fuel and testing the performance and emissions in a Yanmar TF85MH diesel engine. The results showed that adding coal lowered the density of HFO from 915.8 kg/m³ to 803.6 kg/m³ in COM BTU and 863.4 kg/m³ in COM BS, while the viscosity increased from 142.4 cSt to 199.1 cSt (COM BTU) and 180.68 cSt (COM BS). The calorific value of COM BTU (43.7395 MJ/kg) is close to HFO (43.7985 MJ/kg), while COM BS is lower (41.9011 MJ/kg). Under optimum load conditions, HFO produces a maximum power of 2.311 kW, maximum torque of 12.260 Nm, and minimum SFOC of 0.369 kg/kWh, whereas COM BS and COM BTU produce power of 1.805 kW and 1.757 kW, torque of 10.236 Nm and 9.954 Nm, and minimum SFOC of 0.481 kg/kWh and 0.530 kg/kWh, respectively. This performance drop is influenced by the increased fuel viscosity, which causes slower atomization and combustion processes. Using COM also increases emissions, shown by a maximum NOₓ of 104 ppm for COM BS compared to 98 ppm for HFO. Meanwhile, the maximum CO₂ emissions for COM BS (1.77% vol) and COM BTU (1.67% vol) are lower than HFO (1.88% vol). Furthermore, the maximum smoke value for COM BS (4.0% vol) and COM BTU (4.2% vol) is higher than HFO (3.6% vol). It can be concluded that COM BS 20% performs better than COM BTU 20% because it has lower viscosity, resulting in more effective atomization and combustion, even though HFO still shows the best overall performance.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Coal Oil Mixture (COM), Emisi Gas Buang, Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), Mesin Diesel, Performa Mesin, Diesel Engine, Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions
Subjects:	T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ797 Diesel motor--Fuel systems--Testing. V Naval Science > VM Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering > VM731 Marine Engines
Divisions:	Faculty of Marine Technology (MARTECH) > Marine Engineering > 36202-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Tatar Surya Ramadhan
Date Deposited:	03 Aug 2026 10:52
Last Modified:	03 Aug 2026 10:52
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/142267

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