Pengaruh Gating System Terhadap Kualitas Hasil Fabrikasi Rigid Polyurethane Foam dalam Aplikasi Pembuatan Tulang Buatan Tibia

Sitepu, Habel Sebastian (2026) Pengaruh Gating System Terhadap Kualitas Hasil Fabrikasi Rigid Polyurethane Foam dalam Aplikasi Pembuatan Tulang Buatan Tibia. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Tingginya kejadian patah tulang, terutama pada kelompok usia di atas 55 tahun, meningkatkan kebutuhan akan model tulang buatan yang representatif untuk mendukung penelitian, simulasi, dan pelatihan ortopedi. Salah satu material yang banyak digunakan dalam pembuatan model tulang buatan adalah Rigid Polyurethane Foam (RPUF) karena memiliki struktur berpori yang menyerupai tulang cancellous serta karakteristik mekanik yang dapat disesuaikan dengan standar ASTM F1839. Tulang tibia dipilih sebagai objek penelitian karena merupakan tulang penopang utama yang menerima beban tubuh terbesar dan termasuk lokasi fraktur yang paling sering dijumpai, sehingga memerlukan material substitusi dengan sifat mekanik yang representatif. Namun, proses fabrikasi tulang buatan RPUF masih berpotensi menghasilkan ketidakhomogenan densitas dan cacat akibat desain gating system yang belum optimal sehingga dapat memengaruhi kualitas hasil fabrikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh variasi gating system, yaitu slit pouring, three-point pouring, dan multiple sprue pouring, terhadap kualitas hasil fabrikasi tulang buatan tibia. Seluruh variasi menggunakan komposisi bahan, volume material, dan waktu curing yang sama, sedangkan evaluasi dilakukan melalui pengukuran dimensi, pengamatan void, crack, dan nonuniform area, pengujian densitas, kekerasan, compressive strength, compression modulus, serta karakterisasi morfologi menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh variasi memenuhi kriteria penerimaan pada pengamatan void, crack, dan nonuniform area. Variasi multiple sprue pouring menghasilkan penyimpangan dimensi keseluruhan paling kecil terhadap master bone, serta nilai densitas rata-rata 391,46 kg/m³, kekerasan 87,56 Shore A, compressive strength 11,44 MPa, dan compression modulus 106,19 MPa yang termasuk dalam klasifikasi ASTM F1839 Grade 25 untuk densitas dan compressive strength serta Grade 15 untuk compression modulus. Analisis SEM menunjukkan struktur sel RPUF cenderung berbentuk sferis dengan distribusi ukuran sel yang relatif homogen. Berdasarkan seluruh parameter yang diuji, variasi multiple sprue pouring menghasilkan kualitas fabrikasi tulang buatan tibia RPUF terbaik di antara variasi gating system yang diteliti.
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The high incidence of bone fractures, reaching approximately 37 million cases annually among individuals aged over 55 years, has driven the development of artificial bone as a substitute material for research and orthopedic training purposes. Rigid Polyurethane Foam (RPUF) is one of the most widely used materials due to its porous structure, which resembles human cancellous bone, and its mechanical properties that comply with ASTM F1839. The tibia was selected as the research object because it is the primary load-bearing bone of the lower limb and one of the most frequently fractured bones, thereby requiring a substitute material with representative mechanical properties. However, the fabrication process of RPUF artificial bone is susceptible to density inhomogeneity and casting defects caused by non-optimal gating system designs, which may affect the dimensional accuracy, density, and mechanical properties of the fabricated product. This study investigated the effect of three gating system configurations, namely slit pouring, three-point pouring, and multiple sprue pouring, on the fabrication quality of RPUF artificial tibia. All specimens were fabricated using identical material composition, casting volume, and curing time. The fabricated specimens were evaluated through dimensional measurements, visual and macrographic inspection of void, crack, and nonuniform area, mechanical testing including density, hardness, compressive strength, and compression modulus, as well as morphological characterization using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that all gating system configurations satisfied the acceptance criteria for void, crack, and nonuniform area. The multiple sprue pouring configuration produced the smallest overall dimensional deviation from the master bone and achieved the highest average density (391.46 kg/m³), hardness (87.56 Shore A), compressive strength (11.44 MPa), and compression modulus (106.19 MPa). These properties were classified as ASTM F1839 Grade 25 for density and compressive strength, and Grade 15 for compression modulus. SEM analysis revealed a predominantly spherical cellular structure with a relatively homogeneous cell size distribution. Overall, the multiple sprue pouring configuration provided the best fabrication quality of RPUF artificial tibia among the gating system configurations investigated.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Rigid Polyurethane Foam; Gating System; Tulang Buatan Tibia; Densitas; Compressive Strength; Scanning Electron Microscope. Rigid Polyurethane Foam; Gating System; Artificial Tibia; Density; Compressive Strength; Scanning Electron Microscopy
Subjects:	T Technology > TS Manufactures > TS176 Manufacturing engineering. Process engineering (Including manufacturing planning, production planning)
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology > Mechanical Engineering > 21201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Habel Sebastian Sitepu
Date Deposited:	04 Aug 2026 07:25
Last Modified:	04 Aug 2026 07:25
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/143321

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