Suroso, Suroso (2026) Analisis Kinerja Baterai Lithium-Ion NMC Bekas Ojek Online untuk Aplikasi Second-Life: Uji Grading dan Pengaruh C-Rate terhadap Kapasitas, Respon Suhu Permukaan, Karakteristik Morfologi Material, dan Impedansi Elektrokimia. Doctoral thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Meningkatnya penggunaan sepeda motor listrik ojek online di Indonesia menyisakan volume besar baterai lithium-ion bekas yang masih memiliki kapasitas 70–80%. Baterai-baterai bekas ini berpotensi dimanfaatkan kembali sebagai second-life battery (SLB), seperti pada sistem penyimpan energi pendukung PLTS, terutama untuk daerah terpencil yang masih bergantung pada diesel. Penelitian ini menguji 765 sel baterai NMC bekas merk VIAR dan membandingkannya dengan 765 sel baru melalui uji grading, dampak vareasi C-rate pada 0,3C; 0,5C; dan 1C) selama 50 siklus, terhadap degradasi kapasitas dan efisiensi, respon suhu permukaan baterai, morfologi dan unsur material elektroda (SEM-EDS), dan impedansi elektrokimia (EIS). Hasilnya menunjukkan baterai bekas memiliki variasi kondisi kesehatan baterai yang lebar (Grade A–F), sementara 99,61% baterai baru masuk Grade A. Resistansi internal baterai bekas naik 50–150%. C-rate terbukti menjadi faktor paling menentukan atas performa baterai bekas. Pada 1C, kapasitas turun 62,64% dalam 50 siklus, sedangkan pada 0,3C hanya turun 5,22%. Hubungan ini bersifat superlinear (eksponen 1,8–2,0), berbeda dari baterai baru yang cenderung linear. Suhu permukaan baterai bekas, pada 1C melonjak 9–10°C, merupkan angka kritis untuk iklim tropis Indonesia. Hasil uji SEM-EDS menunjukkan kerusakan granula katoda dan re-distribusi unsur Ni-Mn-Co yang makin parah seiring naiknya C-rate, sejalan dengan peningkatan hambatan transfer muatan pada kurva Nyquist hasil uji EIS. Penelitian ini mengusulkan Degradation State Index (DSI) sebagai indeks kelayakan terpadu yang mengintegrasikan SOH, resistansi, suhu, efisiensi Coulombic, dan kondisi material. Berdasarkan DSI, dirumuskan peta operasi dengan Grade A layak hingga 1C, Grade B maksimal 0,5C, Grade C dibatasi 0,3C, dan Grade D/F diarahkan untuk daur ulang. Studi ini merupakan karakterisasi multi-parameter pertama baterai NMC bekas kendaraan listrik roda dua dari penggunaan nyata di Indonesia, menyediakan landasan ilmiah bagi standar nasional SLB.
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The increasing use of online ride-hailing electric motorcycles (ojek online) in Indonesia has left behind a large volume of used lithium-ion batteries that still retain 70–80% of their capacity. These used batteries have the potential to be repurposed as second-life batteries (SLB), such as in energy storage systems supporting solar power plants (PLTS), particularly for remote areas that still depend on diesel. This study tested 765 used NMC battery cells of the VIAR brand and compared them with 765 new cells through grading tests and an evaluation of the effects of C-rate variation (0.3C, 0.5C, and 1C) over 50 cycles on: capacity degradation and efficiency, battery surface temperature response, electrode material morphology and elemental composition (SEM-EDS), and electrochemical impedance (EIS). The results show that used batteries exhibit a wide range of state-of-health conditions (Grade A–F), while 99.61% of new batteries fall into Grade A. The internal resistance of used batteries increased by 50–150%. C-rate was proven to be the most decisive factor governing the performance of used batteries. At 1C, capacity dropped by 62.64% over 50 cycles, whereas at 0.3C the decline was only 5.22%. This relationship is superlinear (exponent 1.8–2.0), in contrast to new batteries, which tend to follow a linear pattern. The surface temperature of used batteries at 1C surged by 9–10°C, a critical figure for Indonesia's tropical climate. SEM-EDS testing results revealed cathode granule degradation and increasingly severe redistribution of Ni-Mn-Co elements with rising C-rate, consistent with the increase in charge transfer resistance observed in the Nyquist curves from EIS testing. This study proposes a Degradation State Index (DSI) as an integrated feasibility index that incorporates SOH, resistance, temperature, Coulombic efficiency, and material condition. Based on the DSI, an operational map is formulated in which Grade A cells are suitable for use up to 1C, Grade B up to a maximum of 0.5C, Grade C limited to 0.3C, and Grade D/F directed toward recycling. This study represents the first multi-parameter characterization of used NMC batteries from real-world two-wheeled electric vehicle applications in Indonesia, providing a scientific foundation for a national SLB standard.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctoral) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | baterai lithium-ion NMC bekas, second-life battery, C-rate, suhu permukaan, degradasi material, used NMC lithium-ion battery, second-life battery, C-rate, surface temperature, material degradation. |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ165 Energy storage. |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Industrial Technology > Mechanical Engineering > 21001-(S3) PhD Thesis |
| Depositing User: | Suroso Suroso |
| Date Deposited: | 04 Aug 2026 09:38 |
| Last Modified: | 04 Aug 2026 09:38 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/143374 |
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