Melenia, Alvina Tata (2026) Optimasi Sintesis ZnO Berbasis Nanoselulosa Kulit Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Dan Aplikasinya Pada Hidrogel Untuk Penyembuhan Luka Diabetes. Doctoral thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Nanoselulosa (NC) berhasil diisolasi dari limbah kulit biji Calophyllum inophyllum dengan selulosa 59,72%. Hidrolisis dengan variasi asam maleat, sitrat, format, dan laktat menunjukkan perbedaan kristalinitas. Hidrolisis dengan asam laktat menghasilkan kristalinitas tertinggi 53,1%. NC hasil hidrolisis asam laktat kemudian dioptimasi dengan RSM. Model RSM memprediksi kristalinitas optimum 74,79% pada konsentrasi asam 6,01 M, suhu 91,12 °C, dan waktu hidrolisis 3,46 jam. Hasil XRD aktual menunjukkan kristalinitas 73,96% yang mendekati nilai prediksi. ZnO berhasil disintesis melalui metode solvotermal dengan NC sebagai pengarah morfologi. Karakterisasi menunjukkan struktur kristal heksagonal wurtzite dengan ukuran kristalit 99,79-185,88 Å, luas permukaan spesifik 1,29-14,94 m²/g, serta morfologi nanosferis dan nanoflakes. Optimasi sintesis ZnO dengan RSM memprediksi ukuran kristalit maksimum sebesar 279,19 Å pada kombinasi 0,61 % NC, suhu reaksi 90 °C, dan pH 8,5. Hasil aktual menunjukkan ukuran kristal 277,73 Å. Hidrogel NC/ZnO difabrikasi dari NCoptimum dan ZnO-optimum. Analisis TEM mengonfirmasi distribusi partikel ZnO pada NC. Hidrogel NC/ZnO memiliki viskositas 82 ± 0,020 mPa·s, rasio pembengkakan 158,06 ± 7,31% pada menit ke‑10, serta daya sebar 6,99 ± 0,99 cm. Uji bioaktivitas menunjukkan hidrogel NC/ZnO 100 ppm memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tinggi (IC₅₀ 68,29 mg/mL), aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus dan E. coli dengan zona hambat masing-masing 40 mm dan 27 mm. Uji biokompatibilitas menunjukkan viabilitas sel ≥ 100%. Uji in vivo model luka diabetik menunjukkan penutupan luka 98,61 ± 0,01% dan kerapatan kolagen 22,74% area pada hari ke‑14.
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Nanocellulose (NC) was successfully isolated from Calophyllum inophyllum seed shell waste with a cellulose content of 59.72%. Hydrolysis using organic acids (maleic, citric, formic, and lactic) showed differences in crystallinity, with lactic acid producing the highest value of 53.1%. The NC from lactic acid hydrolysis was optimized using RSM. The RSM model predicted an optimum crystallinity of 74.79% at an acid concentration of 6.01 M, temperature of 91.12 °C, and time of 3.46 h. Actual XRD confirmed a crystallinity of 73.96%. ZnO was synthesized via solvothermal using NC as a morphology-directing agent. Characterization showed a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure with crystallite sizes of 99.79- 185.88 Å, specific surface area of 1.29-14.94 m²/g, and nanospherical to nanoflake morphologies. RSM optimization predicted a maximum crystallite size of 279.19 Å at 0.61% NC, 90 °C, and pH 8,5. Actual characterization showed a crystallite size of 277.73 Å. The NC/ZnO hydrogel was fabricated using the optimized NC and ZnO. TEM analysis confirmed the distribution of ZnO particles along the NC. The NC/ZnO hydrogel exhibited a viscosity of 82 ± 0.020 mPa·s, a swelling ratio of 158.06 ± 7.31% at 10 minutes, and a spreadability of 6.99 ± 0.99 cm. Bioactivity assays demonstrated that the NC/ZnO hydrogel at 100 ppm exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ of 68.29 mg/mL), antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, with inhibition zones of 40 mm and 27 mm, respectively, and cell viability ≥ 100%. In vivo testing on diabetic wound models showed accelerated healing with wound closure of 98.61 ± 0.01% and collagen density of 22.74% area on day 14.
Keywords: Calophyllum inophyllum, nanocellulose, ZnO, hydrogel, diabetic wound healing
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctoral) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Calophyllum inophyllum, NC, ZnO, hidrogel, penyembuhan luka diabetes. Calophyllum inophyllum, nanocellulose, ZnO, hydrogel, diabetic wound healing. |
| Subjects: | Q Science Q Science > QD Chemistry Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD181.Z6 Zinc oxide Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD320 Cellulose. Hydrolysis Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD481 Chemical structure. |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Science and Data Analytics (SCIENTICS) > Chemistry > 47001-(S3) PhD Thesis |
| Depositing User: | Alvina Tata Melenia |
| Date Deposited: | 04 Aug 2026 08:06 |
| Last Modified: | 04 Aug 2026 08:06 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/143592 |
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