Analisis Pengaruh Variasi Rasio Co-Firing Biomassa Sawdust Dan Batu Bara Kalori Rendah Terhadap Performa PLTU 400 MW Serta Evaluasi Ekonomi Penyediaan Bahan Bakar

Pratama, Fadhil Aldzaky (2026) Analisis Pengaruh Variasi Rasio Co-Firing Biomassa Sawdust Dan Batu Bara Kalori Rendah Terhadap Performa PLTU 400 MW Serta Evaluasi Ekonomi Penyediaan Bahan Bakar. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Indonesia memiliki cadangan batu bara kalori rendah (*Low Rank Coal* atau LRC) yang mendominasi cadangan nasional. Namun, karakteristik nilai kalor yang rendah dan kadar air yang tinggi berpotensi menurunkan performa Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) serta meningkatkan konsumsi bahan bakar. Teknologi *co-firing* biomassa menjadi salah satu strategi transisi energi untuk mengurangi penggunaan batu bara dan emisi, tetapi implementasinya memerlukan evaluasi terhadap aspek performa teknis dan ekonomi penyediaan bahan bakar. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh variasi rasio *co-firing* biomassa *sawdust* sebesar 5%, 10%, 15%, dan 20% dengan tiga variasi batu bara kalori rendah bernilai kalor 4002, 4310, dan 4602 kcal/kg terhadap *auxiliary power*, *net efficiency*, *net plant heat rate* (NPHR), emisi, serta ekonomi penyediaan bahan bakar pada PLTU 400 MW menggunakan simulasi Cycle Tempo 5.0 yang telah divalidasi dengan deviasi kurang dari 5% pada kondisi pembebanan 100% TMCR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan rasio *co-firing* meningkatkan *auxiliary power* hingga 2,37% dengan nilai tertinggi sebesar 26.822,12 kW, menurunkan *net efficiency* hingga 2,49% dengan nilai terendah sebesar 34,515%, serta meningkatkan NPHR hingga 2,56% dengan nilai tertinggi sebesar 2492,96 kJ/kWh. Selain itu, pada rasio *co-firing* 20%, massa emisi CO₂ dan SO₂ menurun masing-masing hingga 6,15% dan 13,11%, meskipun laju emisi CO₂ meningkat akibat bertambahnya *mass flow* bahan bakar. Dari sisi ekonomi penyediaan bahan bakar, implementasi *co-firing* menurunkan total biaya bahan bakar dan biaya produksi listrik apabila biomassa diperoleh dari lokasi yang berjarak 5 km, namun pada jarak distribusi 136 km atau lebih terjadi peningkatan biaya penyediaan bahan bakar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan rasio *co-firing* mampu menurunkan massa emisi per satuan massa bahan bakar, tetapi menurunkan performa termal PLTU, sedangkan kelayakan ekonominya sangat dipengaruhi oleh jarak distribusi biomassa.
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Indonesia possesses abundant Low Rank Coal (LRC) reserves, which constitute the majority of the country's coal resources. However, its low calorific value and high moisture content have the potential to reduce the performance of Coal-Fired Power Plants (CFPPs) while increasing fuel consumption. Biomass co-firing has emerged as one of the key energy transition strategies to reduce coal utilization and emissions; however, its implementation requires evaluation from both technical performance and fuel supply economic perspectives. This study aims to analyze the effects of sawdust biomass co-firing ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, combined with three low-rank coal calorific values of 4002, 4310, and 4602 kcal/kg, on auxiliary power, net efficiency, net plant heat rate (NPHR), emissions, and fuel supply economics in a 400 MW CFPP using Cycle Tempo 5.0 simulations. The simulation model was validated against actual plant operating data with deviations of less than 5% under 100% TMCR conditions. The results indicate that increasing the co-firing ratio increased auxiliary power by up to 2.37%, reaching a maximum value of 26,822.12 kW, reduced net efficiency by up to 2.49% to a minimum value of 34.515%, and increased NPHR by up to 2.56%, reaching a maximum value of 2,492.96 kJ/kWh. Furthermore, at a 20% co-firing ratio, CO₂ and SO₂ emissions per unit mass of fuel decreased by up to 6.15% and 13.11%, respectively, although the overall CO₂ emission rate increased due to the higher fuel mass flow rate. From the fuel supply economics perspective, co-firing reduced total fuel costs and electricity generation costs when biomass was sourced from a location 5 km from the power plant. However, distribution distances of 136 km or greater resulted in increased fuel supply costs. These findings demonstrate that increasing the co-firing ratio can reduce emissions per unit mass of fuel but deteriorates the thermal performance of the CFPP, while its economic feasibility is strongly influenced by the biomass distribution distance.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Coal Fired Power Plant (CFPP), Low Rank Coal (LRC), Co-Firing, Biomass, Sawdust, Net Efficiency, Net Plant Heat Rate (NPHR), Emissions, CO₂, SO₂, Fuel Supply Economics, Cycle Tempo
Subjects:	T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD195.B56 Biomass energy T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ265.E23 Thermodynamics. T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ808 Renewable energy sources. Energy harvesting. T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK1001 Production of electric energy or power
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Mechanical Engineering > 21201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Fadhil Aldzaky Pratama
Date Deposited:	05 Aug 2026 01:17
Last Modified:	05 Aug 2026 01:17
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/143739

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