Kajian Intermittent Slow Sand Filter Skala Rumah Tangga untuk Memperbaiki Kualitas Air PDAM

Rahayu, Dwi Ermawati (2009) Kajian Intermittent Slow Sand Filter Skala Rumah Tangga untuk Memperbaiki Kualitas Air PDAM. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November.

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Abstract

Pemenuhan kebutuhan air yang disuplai oleh PDAM mempunyai kualitas air yang fluktuatif, terkadang tidak memenuhi persyaratan baku mutu. Sehingga, diperlukan pengolahan lebih lanjut oleh individu dalam skala rumah tangga dengan teknologi yang mudah dan murah dalam operasional. Teknologi yang dapat dipergunakan adalah slow sand filter yang dioperasionalkan sesuai kebutuhan rumah tangga yang bersifat intermittent (tidak terus-menerus), atau disebut juga Intermittent Operational Slow Sand Filter (IOSSF).

Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan air baku PDAM di konsumen untuk parameter kekeruhan, zat organik (PV), dan E. coli. Variasi yang dilakukan terhadap reaktor adalah dengan mengatur kecepatan filtrasi pada 0,3 m/jam dan 0,6 m/jam, modifikasi reaktor dengan karbon aktif, serta volume air filtrasi 10 liter dan 20 liter. Desain reaktor yang digunakan adalah reaktor skala rumah tangga menggunakan ember bervolume 50 liter, ketebalan kerikil underdrain 8 cm, separation layer pasir kasar 3 cm, media pasir halus 20 cm, serta supernatant (ketinggian air) 5 cm. Setelah melewati masa ripening untuk pembentukan biofilm selama 3 minggu, reaktor dioperasionalkan selama dua minggu dengan masa henti operasi 10 jam.

Berdasarkan analisis laboratorium, persentase removal kekeruhan sebesar 57,35–100%, warna 46,67–100%, zat organik (PV) 57,63–100%, dan E. coli 0–100%. Removal terbesar untuk parameter tersebut terjadi pada reaktor variasi ketiga, yaitu reaktor dengan kecepatan filtrasi 0,3 m/jam pada volume air 10 liter. Pada reaktor dengan modifikasi karbon aktif, rata-rata persentase penurunannya sebesar 77,94%, sedangkan yang tanpa karbon aktif sebesar 82,11%. Reaktor dengan kecepatan filtrasi 0,3 m/jam mempunyai rata-rata persentase penurunan yang lebih tinggi, yaitu 88,04%, dibandingkan dengan kecepatan 0,6 m/jam, yaitu 73,26%. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi proses biologis yang terjadi dalam slow sand filter adalah pH pada kisaran normal 6,87–7,37, suhu 27–29 °C, serta jumlah biomassa yang lebih besar berada pada kedalaman 0–5 cm pada reaktor yang tidak ditambahkan karbon aktif.
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Water supplied by PDAM (Municipal Waterworks) has fluctuating quality. The water sometimes does not meet the required quality standards. Therefore, the water must be further treated and processed by consumers at the household level using inexpensive and simple technology. One technology that can be used at the household level is the slow sand filter, which can be operated according to household water needs that are intermittent in nature. This technology is also commonly referred to as the Intermittent Operational Slow Sand Filter (IOSSF).

This research was conducted using PDAM water at the consumer level, with turbidity, organic matter (PV), and E. coli as the parameters. Variations in the reactor were made by adjusting the filtration rates to 0.3 m/h and 0.6 m/h. Reactor modifications were performed using activated carbon, with filtration water volumes of 10 liters and 20 liters. The reactor design employed was a household-scale reactor using a 50-liter bucket, an 8 cm-thick underdrain gravel layer, a 3 cm-thick coarse sand separation layer, a 20 cm-thick fine sand media layer, and a 5 cm supernatant (water depth). After undergoing a three-week ripening period for biofilm formation, the reactor was operated for two weeks with a resting period of 10 hours.

Based on laboratory analysis, the percentage of turbidity removal was 57.35–100%, color removal was 46.67–100%, organic matter removal was 57.63–100%, and E. coli removal was 0–100%. The highest removal occurred in the third reactor variation, with a filtration rate of 0.3 m/h and a water volume of 10 liters. In the reactor with activated carbon modification, the average reduction percentage was 77.94%, while that without activated carbon was 82.11%. The reactor with a filtration rate of 0.3 m/h had a higher average reduction percentage of 88.04% compared with the reactor with a filtration rate of 0.6 m/h, which achieved 73.26%. Several factors influencing the biological processes in the slow sand filter were pH in the range of 6.87–7.37, temperature of 27–29 °C, and a higher biomass concentration at a depth of 0–5 cm in the reactor without activated carbon.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Additional Information:	RTL 628.162 Rah k
Uncontrolled Keywords:	IOSSF, air PDAM, skala rumah tangga, IOSSF, PDAM water, household scale
Subjects:	T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD433 Water treatment plants
Divisions:	Faculty of Civil, Environmental, and Geo Engineering > Environmental Engineering > 25101-(S2) Master Theses
Depositing User:	magang .
Date Deposited:	21 Sep 2026 02:01
Last Modified:	21 Sep 2026 02:01
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/144710

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