Putra, Suhendra Amka Putra (2018) Peran Biosurfaktan dari Proses Composting untuk Desorpsi Hidrokarbon pada Tanah Terkontaminasi Minyak Bumi. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Kegiatan eksplorasi dan eksploitasi minyak bumi berpotensi mengakibatkan terjadinya pencemaran tanah. Tumpahan minyak dapat menjadi polusi dan berdampak merusak lingkungan. Hidrokarbon merupakan salah satu komponen utama dalam minyak bumi. Kelarutan hidrokarbon yang rendah dalam tanah menyebabkan rendahnya efisiensi biodegradasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji karakteristik dan kemampuan biosurfaktan yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri campuran dalam proses composting tanah terkontaminasi minyak bumi dengan campuran sampah organik berupa sampah kebun dan rumen sapi, serta menentukan kemampuan desorpsi hidrokarbon pada tanah terkontaminasi minyak bumi.
Penelitian ini terdiri atas dua tahap, penelitian tahap I bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi biosurfaktan. Penelitian tahap I terdiri atas dua faktor rancangan yaitu komposisi sampah organik (sebagai sumber bakteri) dan media kultur. Sampel diambil setiap 20 hari selama 60 hari proses composting. Terdapat total 96 unit sampel yang digunakan untuk karakterisasi biosurfaktan. Sumber bakteri campuran terdiri atas: tanah terkontaminasi dan sampah organik dengan rasio 50:50 (TS), sampah kebun (SK), rumen sapi (RS), dan tanah terkontaminasi minyak bumi (T). Media kultur yang digunakan yaitu: ekstrak sampah organik, minyak bumi serta campuran ekstrak sampah organik dan minyak bumi. Penelitian tahap I diawali dengan isolasi bakteri campuran guna mendapatkan biosurfaktan dengan cara meresuspensi menggunakan NaCl 0,9%. Kemudian dilakukan pemisahan bisurfaktan menggunakan sentrifugasi dengan kecepatan 4000 rpm selama 30 menit. Analisis karakteristik meliputi penurunan tegangan permukan dan aktifitas emulsifikasi. Penelitian tahap II adalah soil washing yang bertujuan untuk menentukan kemampuan biosurfaktan dalam desorpsi hidrokarbon kemudian membandingkan kemampuannya dengan surfaktan sintetik Tween 80 dengan variasi dosis Tween 80 yaitu 0%, 0,5%, 1%, 1,5%, 2%, 2,5%, dan 3% menggunakan metode agitasi. Kadar hidrokarbon diukur dengan metode ekstraksi soxhlet dengan pelarut n-hexane. Tegangan permukaan diukur dengan Tensiometer Du-Nouy dan dan aktivitas emulsifikasi diukur menggunakan metode esktraksi kerosin.
Hasil karakterisasi biosurfaktan menunjukkan kemampuan penurunan tegangan permukaan dari setiap sumber berkisar antara 34,5 dyne/cm – 52,9 dyne/cm, dengan nilai penurunan tegangan permukaan tertinggi terdapat pada sampel (TS02)40 yaitu sebesar 52,9 dyne/cm. Kemampuan emulsifikasi menunjukkan aktivitas emulsi biosurfaktan setelah 24 jam berkisar antara 12,3 – 27,0% dengan nilai aktivitas emulsifikasi tertinggi terdapat pada sampel (RS02)40 sebesar 27,0%. Hasil soil washing menghasilkan desorpsi hidrokarbon sebesar 18,76 – 48,95%. Desorpsi hidrokarbon tertinggi terdapat pada isolasi bakteri dari rumen sapi yang ditumbuhkan pada media campuran ekstrak sampah dan minyak bumi hari ke-40 (RS02)40 sebesar 48,95%. Isolat bakteri lainnya menghasilkan desorpsi hidrokarbon yang lebih rendah yaitu sampah kebun yang ditumbuhkan pada media ekstrak sampah hari ke-20 (SK0)20, sampah dan tanah tercemar pada media ekstrak sampah hari ke-20 (TS0)20; dan tanah tercemar pada media campuran ekstrak sampah dan minyak bumi hari ke-20 (T02)20 masing-masing sebesar 33,36 ; 26,86% ; dan 18,76%. Apabila dibandingkan dengan kemampuan desorpsi hidrokarbon oleh Tween 80, sampel (RS02)40 ekuivalen terhadap Twen 80 dengan konsentrasi 1,0%. Sedangkan sampel (SK0)20 dan (TS0)20 ekuivalen terhadap Tween 80 dengan konsentrasi 0,5%.
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Oil exploration and exploitation activities have the potential to cause soil pollution. Oil spills can be harmful and pollute the environment. Hydrocarbon is one of the main compounds in crude oil. The low hydrocarbon solubility in soil may cause the low biodegradation efficiency. This study aimed to examine the characteristics and abilities of biosurfactants produced by mixed bacteria during composting process of crude oil contaminated soil with a mixture of yard waste and rumen waste, and to determine hydrocarbon desorption capacity by the biosurfactants.
This research consisted of two stages. Biosurfactant characteristics were measured in research stage I. This stage was conducted using varied organic waste compositions (as bacterial sources) and culture media. Samples were collected in replicate every 20 days during 60 days of composting duration. Therefore, a total of 96 experiment units were used for biosurfactant characterization. The sources of mixed bacteria comprised: contaminated soil and organic waste of 50:50 ratio (TS), yard waste (SK), rumen waste (RS), and crude oil contaminated soil (T). The culture media were: organic waste extract, crude oil, and mixture of organic waste extract and crude oil. The first stage of the study was initiated by isolation of mixed bacteria using 0.9% NaCl, followed by biosurfactant separation. Separation of biosurfactant was done by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 30 minutes. Biosurfactant characterization was done according to surface tension declining capacity and emulsification activity. The second stage of the research was soil washing which aimed to determine biosurfactant ability in hydrocarbon desorption and to compare with synthetic surfactant Tween 80 with dose variations of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%. The soil washing was conducted using agitation method. The hydrocarbon content was measured by soxhlet extraction method using n-hexane as solvent. Surface tension was measured using Tensiometer Du-Nouy, and emulsification activity was measured using kerosene extraction method.
The biosurfactant characterization results showed surface tension decline value range between 34.5 dyne/cm and 52.9 dyne/cm. The highest surface tension decline value was measured in sample (TS02)40 of 52.9 dyne/cm. The emulsification activity values were 12.3 – 27.0% after 24 hours. The highest emulsification activity value (27.0%) was observed in sample (RS02)40. The soil washing showed hydrocarbon desorption capacity of 18.76 – 48.95%. Highest hydrocarbon desorption capacity (48.95%) was observed in bacterial isolate from rumen waste, which was grown in mixed crude oil and extract of organic waste media in 40th day incubation period (RS02)40. Bacterial isolates from other sources showed lower hydrocarbon desorption capacities. Isolates from yard waste which was grown for 20 days in organic waste extract media (SK0)20 , contaminated soil and organic waste of 50:50 ratio in organic waste extract media (TS0)20 and contaminated soil in mixed media of organic waste extract and crude oil (T02)20, were 33.36%, 26.86%, and 18.76%, respectively. When compared to the hydrocarbon desorption capacities of Tween 80, sample (RS02)40 showed equivalent value to 1.0% Tween 80. Whereas, samples (SK0)20 and (TS0)20 had equivalent to hydrocarbon desorption capacitiy 0.5% Tween 80.
Keywords: biosurfactant, composting, emulsification activity, hydrocarbon, surface tension decline.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | RTL 628.44 Put p-1 3100018074917 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | aktivitas emulsfikasi, biosurfaktan, composting, hidrokarbon, penurunan tegangan permukaan. |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD646 Sewage--Purification |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning > Environment Engineering > 25101-(S2) Master Thesis |
| Depositing User: | Suhendra Amka Putra |
| Date Deposited: | 19 Mar 2018 01:42 |
| Last Modified: | 11 Sep 2020 07:59 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/49885 |
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