Kusuma, Heri Septya (2019) Ekstraksi Minyak Atsiri dari Daun Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth) dan Akar Wangi (Vetiveria zizanioides) dengan menggunakan Metode Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Doctoral thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Minyak atsiri dari daun nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth) dan akar wangi (Vetiveria zizanioides) biasanya dihasilkan dari ekstraksi secara konvensional yang prosesnya memerlukan energi yang besar, pelarut dalam jumlah yang banyak, dan waktu yang cukup lama. Oleh karena itu, perlu dipertimbangkan untuk menggunakan “green technique” baru dalam ekstraksi minyak nilam dan minyak akar wangi dengan penggunaan energi, pelarut, dan waktu yang minimum. Salah satu metode ekstraksi yang berhasil dikembangkan adalah metode microwave hydrodistillation. Untuk mengoptimalkan ekstraksi minyak nilam dan minyak akar wangi, maka pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengembangan dari metode microwave hydrodistillation yaitu metode microwave air-hydrodistillation. Dimana pada metode microwave air-hydrodistillation ini dilakukan penambahan aliran udara ke dalam distiller yang berisi matriks (bagian tanaman yang akan diambil minyak atsirinya) dan pelarut dengan menggunakan kompresor. Selain menggunakan metode microwave hydrodistillation dan microwave air-hydrodistillation, pada penelitian ini ekstraksi minyak nilam dan minyak akar wangi juga dilakukan dengan metode solvent-free microwave extraction. Pemilihan penggunaan metode solvent-free microwave extraction ini disebabkan karena ekstraksi minyak nilam dan minyak akar wangi dengan metode solvent-free microwave extraction tidak memerlukan penambahan pelarut seperti halnya ekstraksi yang dilakukan dengan metode microwave hydrodistillation dan microwave air-hydrodistillation.
Berdasarkan penelitian ini secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa ekstraksi minyak nilam dan minyak akar wangi dengan metode solvent-free microwave extraction dapat menghasilkan yield yang lebih besar dan memerlukan waktu yang lebih singkat apabila dibandingkan dengan metode microwave hydrodistillation dan microwave air-hydrodistillation. Pada ekstraksi minyak nilam dari daun nilam segar dengan metode microwave hydrodistillation, microwave air-hydrodistillation, dan solvent-free microwave extraction dapat diperoleh yield yang optimal sebesar 9,5752%, 6,8683%, dan 8,1650%. Dan pada ekstraksi minyak nilam dari daun nilam kering dengan metode microwave hydrodistillation, microwave air-hydrodistillation, dan solvent-free microwave extraction dapat diperoleh yield yang optimal sebesar 5,1029%, 5,5874%, dan 4,6009%. Sedangkan pada ekstraksi minyak akar wangi dari akar wangi segar dengan metode microwave hydrodistillation dan solvent-free microwave extraction dapat diperoleh yield yang optimal sebesar 5,1234% dan 3,9579%. Dan pada ekstraksi minyak akar wangi dari akar wangi kering dengan metode microwave hydrodistillation dan solvent-free microwave extraction dapat diperoleh yield yang optimal sebesar 1,0536% dan 1,1756%.
Berdasarkan hasil analisa sifat fisik dan kimia dapat dikatakan bahwa minyak nilam hasil ekstraksi dengan metode microwave hydrodistillation, microwave air-hydrodistillation, dan solvent-free microwave extraction telah sesuai dengan standar kualitas SNI 06-2385-2006 dan ISO 3757:2002(E). Selain itu, berdasarkan hasil analisa sifat fisik dan kimia juga dapat dikatakan bahwa minyak akar wangi hasil ekstraksi dengan metode microwave hydrodistillation dan solvent-free microwave extraction telah sesuai dengan standar kualitas SNI 06-2386-2006 dan ISO 4716:2002(E).
Dari pemodelan kinetika yang telah dilakukan dapat dikatakan bahwa model of simultaneous washing, unhindered diffusion and hindered diffusion (Model 1) lebih dapat merepresentasikan dengan baik hasil eksperimen pada ekstraksi minyak nilam dari daun nilam segar dan kering menggunakan metode microwave hydrodistillation, microwave air-hydrodistillation, dan solvent-free microwave extraction apabila dibandingkan dengan model of simultaneous washing and unhindered diffusion (Model 2) dan model of pseudo-first order kinetics (Model 3). Berdasarkan nilai kontribusi dari proses perpindahan massa untuk model of simultaneous washing, unhindered diffusion and hindered diffusion (Model 1) dan model of simultaneous washing and unhindered diffusion (Model 2), maka secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa pada ekstraksi minyak nilam dari daun nilam segar dan kering menggunakan metode microwave hydrodistillation, microwave air-hydrodistillation, dan solvent-free microwave extraction mekanisme difusi (unhindered diffusion dan hindered diffusion) mempunyai pengaruh yang lebih besar apabila dibandingkan dengan mekanisme washing. Dimana nilai kontribusi dari mekanisme difusi (unhindered diffusion dan hindered diffusion) untuk model of simultaneous washing, unhindered diffusion and hindered diffusion (Model 1) pada ekstraksi minyak nilam dari daun nilam segar dan kering menggunakan metode microwave hydrodistillation, microwave air-hydrodistillation, dan solvent-free microwave extraction adalah sekitar 50,63-100%. Sedangkan nilai kontribusi dari mekanisme difusi (unhindered diffusion) untuk model of simultaneous washing and unhindered diffusion (Model 2) pada ekstraksi minyak nilam dari daun nilam segar dan kering menggunakan metode microwave hydrodistillation, microwave air-hydrodistillation, dan solvent-free microwave extraction adalah sekitar 50,60-97,11%.
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Essential oils from patchouli leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth) and vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) are usually produced from conventional extractions whose processes require large amounts of energy, large amounts of solvents, and long periods of time. Therefore, it should be considered to use a new "green technique" in the extraction of patchouli oil and vetiver oil with minimum energy, solvent and time usage. One of the extraction methods that was successfully developed was microwave hydrodistillation method. To optimize the extraction of patchouli oil and vetiver oil, the development of microwave hydrodistillation method was carried out in this study, namely microwave air-hydrodistillation method. Where in microwave air-hydrodistillation method is carried out the addition of air flow into the distiller which contains matrix (part of the plant to be taken essential oils) and solvent using compressor. In addition to using microwave hydrodistillation and microwave air-hydrodistillation methods, in this study the extraction of patchouli oil and vetiver oil was also carried out using solvent-free microwave extraction method. The choice of using solvent-free microwave extraction method is due to the extraction of patchouli oil and vetiver oil using solvent-free microwave extraction method that does not require the addition of solvents as well as extraction carried out using microwave hydrodistillation and microwave air-hydrodistillation methods.
Based on this research, it can be generally said that the extraction of patchouli oil and vetiver oil using solvent-free microwave extraction method can produce higher yields and require shorter extraction time compared to microwave hydrodistillation and microwave air-hydrodistillation methods. In the extraction of patchouli oil from fresh patchouli leaves using microwave hydrodistillation, microwave air-hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction methods, optimal yields of 9.5752%, 6.8683% and 8.1650% were obtained. And in the extraction of patchouli oil from dried patchouli leaves using microwave hydrodistillation, microwave air-hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction methods, optimal yields of 5.1029%, 5.5874%, and 4.6009% were obtained. While in the extraction of vetiver oil from fresh vetiver using microwave hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction methods can obtain the optimal yield of 5.1234% and 3.9579%. And in the extraction of vetiver oil from dried vetiver using microwave hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction methods can obtain the optimal yield of 1.0536% and 1.1756%.
Based on the results of the analysis of physical and chemical properties it can be said that patchouli oil extracted using microwave hydrodistillation, microwave air-hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction methods are in accordance with the quality standards of SNI 06-2385-2006 and ISO 3757:2002(E). In addition, based on the results of the analysis of physical and chemical properties, it can also be said that vetiver oil extracted using microwave hydrodistillation method and solvent-free microwave extraction are in accordance with the quality standards of SNI 06-2386-2006 and ISO 4716:2002(E).
From the kinetic modeling that has been done, it can be said that the model of simultaneous washing, unhindered diffusion and hindered diffusion (Model 1) can better represent the experimental results of the extraction of patchouli oil from fresh and dried patchouli leaves using microwave hydrodistillation, microwave air-hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction methods when compared to model of simultaneous washing and unhindered diffusion (Model 2) and model of pseudo-first order kinetics (Model 3). Based on the contribution value of the mass transfer process for model of simultaneous washing, unhindered diffusion and hindered diffusion (Model 1) and model of simultaneous washing and unhindered diffusion (Model 2), it can generally be said that the extraction of patchouli oil from fresh and dried patchouli leaves using microwave hydrodistillation, microwave air-hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction methods the diffusion mechanism (unhindered diffusion and hindered diffusion) has higher effect when compared to the washing mechanism.
Where the contribution value of the diffusion mechanism (unhindered diffusion and hindered diffusion) for model of simultaneous washing, unhindered diffusion and hindered diffusion (Model 1) in the extraction of patchouli oil from fresh and dried patchouli leaves using microwave hydrodistillation method, microwave air-hydrodistillation and solvent -free microwave extraction is around 50.63-100%. While the contribution value of the diffusion mechanism (unhindered diffusion) for model of simultaneous washing and unhindered diffusion (Model 2) in the extraction of patchouli oil from fresh and dried patchouli leaves using microwave hydrodistillation method, microwave air-hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction is around 50.60-97.11%.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctoral) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | microwave air-hydrodistillation, microwave hydrodistillation, minyak akar wangi, minyak nilam, pemodelan kinetika, solvent-free microwave extraction |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD63 Extraction |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Industrial Technology > Chemical Engineering > 24001-(S3) PhD Thesis |
| Depositing User: | HERI SEPTYA KUSUMA |
| Date Deposited: | 21 Jul 2026 06:42 |
| Last Modified: | 21 Jul 2026 06:42 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/70281 |
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