Gustinasari, Kiki (2021) Constructed Wetland – Microbial Fuel Cells (CW-MFCs) sebagai Pereduksi Herbisida Glifosat dan Aplikasi Biosensor untuk Toxicity Warning pada Limpasan Persawahan. Doctoral thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Penelitian ini mengkaji penggunaan Constructed wetland – microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) untuk mengolah residu herbisida glifosat. Residu herbisida glifosat dari persawahan yang terbawa ke badan air akan menyebabkan perubahan fisik pada organisme akuatik. Efek pada tingkat organisme merupakan indikator peringatan dini potensi dampak terhadap kesehatan manusia. Constructed wetland (CW) merupakan teknologi potensial yang mampu mengolah air limbah. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) merupakan perangkat yang menggunakan bakteri sebagai katalis untuk mengoksidasi bahan organik dan anorganik serta mampu menghasilkan listrik. Pendekatan baru penggabungan MFCs ke dalam CW diketahui mampu meningkatkan kinerja CW. Kombinasi CW-MFCs juga mampu menghasilkan sinyal listrik yang dapat digunakan sebagai pemantauan lingkungan (biosensor). Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji residu glifosat pada limpasan persawahan serta toksisitasnya terhadap Daphnia magna dan tanaman Typha angustifolia dan Vetiveria zizanioides; mengkaji konfigurasi CW-MFCs terbaik dengan variasi jenis tanaman, jarak elektroda, dan penambahan air limbah ternak sapi sebagai kosubstrat, serta mengkaji aplikasi konfigurasi CW-MFCs untuk early warning system masuknya glifosat.
Penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan penelitian pendahuluan, penelitian inti, dan penelitian pendukung. Penelitian pendahuluan dilakukan dengan mengkaji karakteristik residu glifosat pada limpasan persawahan di Kecamatan Karang Ploso, Kabupaten Malang; uji toksisitas glifosat terhadap Daphnia magna dan uji fitotoksisitas glifosat terhadap T. angustifolia dan V. zizanioides. Penelitian inti berupa penentuan konfigurasi terbaik CW-MFCs dengan mengkaji pengaruh jenis tanaman, jarak elektroda, dan penambahan kosubstrat terhadap efisiensi penyisihan glifosat dan produksi bioelektrik. Jenis tanaman yang diujikan yaitu T. angustifolia, V. zizanioides, dan campuran keduanya. Jarak elektroda yang divariasikan yaitu 10 cm, 20 cm, dan 30 cm. Penelitian inti selanjutnya yaitu penambahan air limbah ternak sapi sebagai kosubstrat dengan perbandingan 1:1. Pada eksperimen ini digunakan reaktor dengan bentuk tabung yang memiliki diameter 15,24 cm dan tinggi 50 cm. Bagian dalam reaktor diberikan anoda dan bagian permukaan diberikan katoda, kemudian ditanami 2 buah tanaman dengan media gravel. Reaktor dioperasikan selama 56 hari dengan waktu detensi 2 hari dan debit 0,08 L/jam. Setelah diketahui jenis tanaman dan jarak elektroda terbaik, dilanjutkan dengan uji penambahan kosubtrat limbah ternak sapi dengan perbandingan 1:1 serta dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Setelah didapatkan kombinasi terbaik, dilakukan penelitian pendukung yaitu aplikasi CW-MFCs sebagai biosensor untuk early warning system (peringatan dini). Adapun prinsip kerja dari biosensor yaitu dengan mengukur tegangan yang dihasilkan CW-MFCs yang dipengaruhi oleh besarnya konsentrasi glifosat. Pengukuran tegangan menggunakan sensor INA219 kemudian diolah oleh mikrokontroller untuk direkam dan menghasilkan output file dan indikator lampu led dan alarm buzzer ketika nilai tegangan turun di bawah rata-rata.
Hasil uji karakterisasi glifosat di limpasan persawahan apabila dibandingkan dengan baku mutu masih melampaui nilai NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration). Nilai NOEC Daphnia magna terhadap glifosat sebesar 0,002 mg/L sedangkan residu glifosat yang terdeteksi di persawahan 0,003 mg/L. Hasil fitotoksisitas menunjukkan bahwa T. angustifolia mampu mentolerir 2,4 mg/L glifosat sedangkan V. zizanioides 1,2 mg/L. Hasil percobaan inti menunjukkan bahwa jenis tanaman campuran dan jarak elektroda 30 cm mampu memberikan efisiensi terbaik dalam menyisihkan glifosat dan juga nutrien. Adapun efisiensi penyisihan maksimum pada glifosat 99,91%, amonium 79,10%, nitrat 98,89%, fosfat 99,29%, dan COD 90,97%. Setelah ditambahkan kosubstrat, voltase CW-MFCs mampu meningkat hingga 75,06% dari 49,37 mV menjadi 197,47 mV. Reaktor CW-MFCs terbukti dapat diaplikasikan sebagai biosensor hingga konsentrasi glifosat 38,4 mg/L.
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This study examines the use of Constructed wetland – microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) to treat glyphosate herbicide residues. Glyphosate herbicide residues from rice fields carried into water bodies will cause physical changes in aquatic organisms. Effects at the organism level are early warning indicators of potential impacts on human health. Constructed wetland (CW) is a potential technology that can treat wastewater. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are devices that use bacteria as a catalyst to oxidize organic and inorganic materials and capable of generating electricity. The new approach of incorporating MFCs into CW is known to improve the performance of CW. The combination of CW-MFCs is also capable of generating electrical signals that can be used as environmental monitoring (biosensors). Therefore, this study was aimed to examine glyphosate residues in rice field runoff and its toxicity effect on Daphnia magna and Typa angustifolia and also Vetiveria zizaniodes plants, examine the best configuration of CW-MFCs with variations in plant species, electrode spacing, and the addition of cattle wastewater as a co-substrate, as well as examine the application of CW-MFCs configuration for early warning system entry glyphosate.
The research was conducted by conducting preliminary research, core research, and supporting research. Preliminary research was conducted by examining the characteristics of glyphosate residues in rice field runoff in Karang Ploso District, Malang Regency; glyphosate toxicity test against Daphnia magna and glyphosate phytotoxicity test against Typha angustifolia and Vetiveria zizanioides. The core research was to determine the best configuration of CW-MFCs by studying the effect of plant species, electrode distance, and the addition of cosubstrates on the efficiency of glyphosate removal and bioelectrical production. The types of plants tested were T. angustifolia, V. zizanioides, and its combination. The electrode distances were varied, namely 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm. The next core research was the addition of cattle wastewater as a cosubstrate with a ratio of 1:1. In this experiment, a reactor with a tube shape has a diameter of 15.24 cm and a height of 50 cm. The inside of the reactor was given an anode and the surface was given a cathode, then 2 plants were planted with gravel media. The reactor was operated for 56 days with a detention time of 2 days and a discharge of 0.08 L/hour. After knowing the type of plant and the best electrode distance, it was continued by testing the addition of co-substrate of cattle waste in a ratio of 1:1 and compared with the control. After obtaining the best combination, supporting research was carried out, namely the application of CW-MFCs as biosensors for early warning systems. The working principle of the biosensor was to measure the voltage generated by CW-MFCs which is influenced by the amount of glyphosate concentration. The voltage measurement using the INA219 sensor was then processed by the microcontroller to be recorded and produces an output file and LED light indicator and buzzer alarm when the voltage value drops below the average.
The results of the glyphosate characterization test in rice field run-off when compared with the quality standard still exceed the NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) value. The NOEC value of Daphnia magna to glyphosate was 0.002 mg/L than glyphosate detected in the field was 0.003 mg/L. The concentration that could be tolerated by T. angustifolia was 2.4 mg/L while that of V. zizanioides is 1.2 mg/L. The results of the core experiment showed that mixed plant species, 30 cm electrode distance, and the addition of co-substrate were able to provide the best efficiency in removing glyphosate and nutrients. The maximum removal efficiency was 99.91% glyphosate, 79.10% ammonium, 98.89% nitrate, 99.29% phosphate, and 90.97% COD. The addition of cow effluent co-substrate proved to be able to increase the CW-MFCs voltage, from 49.37 mV to 197.47 mV, so the increase in bioelectricity was 75.06%. The CW-MFCs reactor was proven to be able to reduce the concentration of glyphosate and could be used as a biosensor up to a glyphosate concentration of 38.4 mg/L.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctoral) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Constructed wetland, Microbial fuels cells, herbisida glifosat, limpasan persawahan, fitoremediasi, bioelektrik, biosensor |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD192.5 Bioremediation T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK2931 Fuel cells |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering (CIVPLAN) > Environmental Engineering > 25001-(S3) PhD Thesis |
| Depositing User: | Kiki Gustinasari |
| Date Deposited: | 22 Aug 2021 14:54 |
| Last Modified: | 22 Aug 2021 14:54 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/88636 |
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