Firmansyah, R. Arizal (2023) Sintesis Bioaditif dari Minyak Jarak (Ricinus Communis) dan Gliserol Limbah Produksi Biosolar untuk Minyak Solar Berkadar Sulfur Rendah. Doctoral thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
![[thumbnail of 01211960010007-Dissertation.pdf]](http://repository.its.ac.id/style/images/fileicons/text.png) |
Text
01211960010007-Dissertation.pdf - Accepted Version Restricted to Repository staff only until 1 July 2025. Download (7MB) | Request a copy |
Abstract
Produk etilen glikolisis tersebut terdiri atas 2-hidroksietil ester (2-HEE) 74,77 %, keton siklik 1,48 % dan di-ester 0,86 % w/w. Selanjutnya produk tersebut diuji sifat dan efek lubrikasinya terhadap minyak solar komersial dengan metode High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) sesuai standar prosedur ASTM D6079. Pengujian lubrisitas menghasilkan nilai Wear Scar Diameter (WSD) produk dan campuran produk-minyak solar di bawah ambang batas EN 590 (460 µm) dan ASTM D975 (520 µm). Nilai WSD produk etilen glikolisis lebih kecil (280,5 µm) daripada minyak solar (445 µm). Penambahan produk tersebut ke dalam minyak solar dengan konsentrasi 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 dan 1% v/v cenderung menurunkan nilai WSD minyak solar. Konsentrasi maksimal diperoleh pada 1% dengan nilai WSD 302,5 µm. Senyawa 2-HE risinoleat (59,8 %) diduga sebagai kontributor utama terhadap perbaikan lubrisitas minyak solar. Perbaikan lubrisitas minyak solar disebabkan adanya sinergisitas gugus karbonil dan hidroksi di bagian kepala serta gugus hidroksi di bagian ekor dari 2-HE risinoleat, walaupun bentuk molekul 2-hidroksi risinoleat bengkok dan mudah teroksidasi karena adanya ikatan rangkap. Bioaditif lainnya hasil sintesis adalah asetin, yaitu campuran monoasetin (2,9 %), diasetin (55,26 %) dan triasetin (23,82 %). Pengujian sifat cold flow asetin dan minyak solar setelah penambahan asetin mengikuti prosedur standar ASTM D5949-16. Titik tuang asetin lebih rendah (-15°C) daripada minyak solar komersial (1°C). Penurunan titik tuang minyak solar komersial terjadi seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi asetin yang ditambahkan yaitu 0,1; 0,5 dan 1 % v/v. Konsentrasi maksimal diperoleh pada asetin 1 % v/v yang mampu menurunkan titik tuang minyak solar komersial hingga -3°C. Hal ini disebabkan kemungkinan adanya perubahan morfologi dan ukuran kristal wax n-alkana akibat kristalisasi bersama gugus non-polar (metil) dan n-alkana serta adanya gugus polar (karbonil atau asetil) pada permukaan kristal wax menyebabkan tolakan antar kelompok kristal wax sehingga menghambat pembentukan ukuran kristal yang lebih besar. Penambahan kedua bioaditif tersebut ke dalam minyak solar meningkatkan nilai tegangan permukaan yang tidak signifikan. Hal ini berarti bahwa setelah penambahan kedua bioaditif, minyak solar memungkinkan dapat teratomisasi di ruang pembakaran dengan mudah. Berdasar hasil pengujian di atas, senyawa 2-HE risinoleat dari minyak jarak dan asetin dari gliserol limbah produksi biosolar dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai bioaditif peningkat lubrisitas dan cold flow minyak solar berkadar sulfur rendah.
=====================================================================================================================================
The problem of low lubricity and cold flow properties in diesel oil can be overcome, one of which is the use of bio-additives. Castor oil and glycerol from biodiesel production by-products have the potential as feedstock in the synthesis of bio-additives for low-sulfur diesel. The compound 2-hydroxyethyl ricinoleate (2-HE ricinoleate) is the main component of castor oil-based bio-additives that were successfully synthesized through ethylene glycolysis of Castor oil with potassium carbonate. Acetine was also successfully synthesized through transesterification of the glycerol (a by-product of biodiesel production) with sulfuric acid-assisted ethyl acetate. The ethylene glycolysis products consist of 2-hydroxyethyl ester (2-HEE) 74.77%, cyclic ketone 1.48%, and esters 0.86% w/w. Furthermore, the product was tested for its lubrication properties and effects on commercial diesel using the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) method according to the standard procedure ASTM D6079. Lubricity testing yielded the Wear Scar Diameter (WSD) value of the product and commercial diesel after the addition of ethylene glycolysis products below 460 μm (EN 590) and 520 μm (ASTM D975). The WSD of ethylene glycolysis product was smaller (280.5 μm) than commercial diesel (445 μm). The addition of the product to fossil diesel with a concentration of 0.2; 0,4; 0,6; 0.8 and 1% v/v tends to lower the WSD value of fossil diesel. The maximum concentration was obtained at 1% with a WSD value of 302.5 μm. The compound 2-HE ricinoleate (59.8 %) was suspected as a major contributor to the improvement of diesel lubricity. It is due to the synergy of the carbonyl and hydroxy groups in the head and the hydroxy group in the tail moiety of the 2-HE ricinoleate, although the shape of the molecule is bent and easily oxidized since the presence of a double bond. Other bio-additives resulting from synthesis are acetine, which is a mixture of monoacetine (2.9 %), diacetine (55.26 %), and triacetine (23.82 %). The cold flow properties testing of acetin and fossil diesel after the addition of acetin followed the standard procedure of ASTM D5949-16. The pour point of acetin was lower (-15°C) than that of commercial diesel (1°C The decrease in the pour point of commercial diesel as with the increase in the concentration of acetin added (0.1; 0.5, and 1% v/v). The maximum concentration was obtained at acetin 1% v/v which was able to lower the pour point of commercial diesel up to -3°C. This is due to the possibility of changes in the morphology and size of n-alkane wax crystals since the co-crystallization of non-polar (methyl group) and n-alkane groups. Then, the presence of a polar group (carbonyl or acetyl group) on the surface of wax crystals causes repulsion between wax crystal clusters inhibiting the formation of larger crystal sizes. The addition of those bio-additives into commercial diesel increased the surface tension value which was not significant. It means that the addition of the two bio-additives into the commercial diesel allows it to be atomized in the combustion chamber easily. Thus, based on the test results above, 2-HE ricinoleate compound from Castor oil and acetine from biodiesel production-derived glycerol can be considered bio-additives to increase the lubricity and cold flow of low-sulfur diesel properties.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctoral) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | bioaditif; lubrikasi; minyak solar; wear scar; pour point bio-additive; lubrication; diesel oil; wear scar; pour points |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD251.2 Chemistry, Organic. Biochemistry Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD471 Chemical compounds - Structure and formulas Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD481 Chemical structure. |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Natural Science > Chemistry > 47001-(S3) PhD Thesis |
| Depositing User: | R. Arizal Firmansyah |
| Date Deposited: | 17 Feb 2023 12:09 |
| Last Modified: | 17 Feb 2023 12:09 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/97536 |
Actions (login required)
 |
View Item |