Desain Model Compliance Cost untuk Implementasi Konvensi Ballast Water Management (BWM) dengan Pendekatan Dinamika Sistem

Hardiyanto, Hardiyanto (2023) Desain Model Compliance Cost untuk Implementasi Konvensi Ballast Water Management (BWM) dengan Pendekatan Dinamika Sistem. Doctoral thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

Text 04111960010004-Disertation.pdf - Accepted Version Restricted to Repository staff only until 1 October 2025. Download (6MB) | Request a copy

Abstract

IMO mewajibkan semua kapal existing yang beroperasi pada rute internasional untuk memasang Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) bersamaan dengan jadwal pembaruan survei International Oil Pollution Prevention (IOPP) dan paling lambat pada 8 September 2024. Untuk mengetahui investasi yang dibutuhkan, pendekatan Life Cycle Cost (LCC) dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi biaya pemenuhan (Compliance Cost) selama masa pakai kapal. Hasil dari Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS) diperoleh tiga komponen biaya utama meliputi biaya retrofitting, biaya operasional dan perawatan BWTS. Biaya retrofitting dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas beberapa pihak, sehingga estimasi biaya menjadi kompleks. Metode dinamika sistem dapat digunakan untuk membuat model estimasi compliance cost dengan mempertimbangkan aktivitas tiap stakeholder.
Variabel yang dapat mempengaruhi aktivitas retrofitting adalah ketersediaan dokumen kapal, penundaan, dan pemilihan BWTS, yang berdampak pada compliance cost. Melalui metode dinamika sistem, model compliance cost berhasil memperkirakan biaya retrofitting, biaya operasional dan perawatan BWTS. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa rasio komponen biaya retrofitting terdiri atas 4% biaya desain, 63% biaya pengadaan, dan 33% biaya instalasi. Analisis sensitivitas menunjukkan bahwa ketersediaan dokumen kapal meningkatkan durasi pekerjaan sebesar 0,93% dan biaya retrofitting sebesar 1,26%. Delay dalam tiap tahapan retrofitting dapat meningkatkan biaya sebesar 0,6%-0,7% dan durasi retrofitting 22%. Pemilihan galangan yang baik dapat mengurangi durasi retrofitting hingga 30,6%, meskipun biaya retrofitting meningkat sebesar 0,8%-1,1%. BWTS tipe UV Radiation merupakan pilihan paling ekonomis untuk semua jenis kapal tanker kecuali kapal tanker 4. Kapal tanker 4 hanya dapat menggunakan BWTS tipe Direct Flow Electrolysis karena keterbatasan daya.
Strategi yang direkomendasikan untuk mengimplementasikan BWTS pada kapal exisiting mencakup pemilihan BWTS yang sesuai dengan kapasitas pompa ballast kapal untuk mengurangi biaya modifikasi dan biaya operasional. Untuk mengatasi keterbatasan modal, pemilik kapal dapat meminjam sebagian biaya retrofitting dengan meminimalkan proporsi Loan. Meminimalkan proporsi pinjaman, memilih tenor yang lebih pendek, dan mencari suku bunga yang rendah dapat membantu pemilik kapal menekan biaya retrofitting. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa keuntungan biaya operasi setelah retrofitting belum dapat mengembalikan biaya investasi untuk pengoperasian selama sisa lifetime kapal berdasarkan nilai NPV<0 sehingga pemilik kapal harus menaikkan pendapatan melalui biaya sewa atau charter rate kapal.
=======================================================================================================================================
IMO requires all existing ships operating on international routes to install the Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) simultaneously with the IOPP survey update schedule and no later than September 8, 2024. The Life Cycle Cost (LCC) approach is used to identify compliance costs during the ship's lifetime. The Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS) result obtained three main cost components: Retrofitting, Operating, and Maintenance cost of BWTS. The activities of several parties influence the cost of retrofitting, so cost estimates become complex. The system dynamics method is used to develop a compliance costs model by considering the activities of each stakeholder.
Variables affecting retrofitting activities are ship document availability, delays, and BWTS selection, which affect compliance costs. Through the system dynamics method, the compliance cost model successfully estimates the cost of retrofitting, operating costs, and BWTS maintenance. The analysis showed that retrofitting components' cost ratio consists of 4% of design costs, 63% of Purchase Cost , and 33% of installation costs. Sensitivity analysis showed that the availability of ship documents increased the retrofitting duration to 0.93% and the cost to 1.26%. Delays in the retrofitting phase can increase the cost by 0.6%-0.7% and the duration by 22%. Although retrofitting costs rise by 0.8%-1.1%, selecting expert shipyards can reduce the retrofitting duration to 30.6%. BWTS-type UV Radiation is the most economical option for all types of tanker vessels except 4. Tankers 4 can only use BWTS-type Direct Flow Electrolysis due to the availability of ship power.
The recommended strategy for implementing BWTS on existing ships involves matching BWTS capacity to ballast pump flow to minimize modification and reduce operating costs. To surmount capital budget limitations, shipowners can use Loan Scheme to partition the retrofitting costs by minimizing the Loan proportion. Minimizing the loan ratio, selecting a shorter tenor, and searching for a lower interest rate can reduce compliance costs.The analysis results indicated that the income from benefits of operating costs after retrofitting has not yet been able to reimburse investment costs for operation during the remaining lifetime of the ship based on values on NPV<0, so the ship owner must increase the cost of charter rate the ship.

Item Type:	Thesis (Doctoral)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	model estimasi, compliance cost, BWTS, retrofitting, dinamika sistem
Subjects:	T Technology > T Technology (General) > T56.8 Project Management T Technology > T Technology (General) > T57.62 Simulation V Naval Science > VM Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering > VM1 Ballast (Ships)
Divisions:	Faculty of Marine Technology (MARTECH) > Ocean Engineering > 38001-(S3) PhD Thesis
Depositing User:	Hardiyanto Hardiyanto
Date Deposited:	11 Jan 2024 04:36
Last Modified:	11 Jan 2024 04:36
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/103081

Actions (login required)

View Item