Reducing Ship Detention by Port State Control: The Case of Indonesian Ships in the Tokyo MoU

Ferdillah, Rendi (2024) Reducing Ship Detention by Port State Control: The Case of Indonesian Ships in the Tokyo MoU. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Hingga saat ini, Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia, dengan lebih dari 17.000 pulau yang tersebar dari barat hingga timur. Tentu saja pelayaran sudah menjadi tulang punggung perekonomian Indonesia sejak lama. Indonesia juga mempunyai peran aktif dalam perdagangan dunia, dengan banyaknya kapal yang berlayar internasional, meskipun banyak kapal yang dianggap sudah tua masih melayani pelayaran internasional. Hal ini mengakibatkan kapal-kapal yang berlayar dinilai berisiko tinggi oleh PSC di suatu negara tertentu, yang seringkali mengakibatkan kapal tersebut ditahan. Di ASEAN, Indonesia mempunyai persentase budaya inspeksi-detensi tertinggi di antara negara-negara lain. Hal ini pada akhirnya akan mengancam status whitelist Indonesia yang telah dipertahankan selama tiga tahun terakhir dan mudah tergelincir ke dalam daftar abu-abu atau hitam. Dengan mengadopsi Research Onion Diagram yang dikembangkan oleh Saunders, penelitian ini menggunakan metode campuran dengan mengandalkan data kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Data kuantitatif diperoleh dari situs resmi MoU Tokyo yang didukung dengan laporan tahunan, dan data kualitatif diperoleh dari wawancara dengan para ahli, khususnya pengawas internal kapal berbendera Indonesia yang berlayar internasional. Selanjutnya data primer diolah menggunakan model Swiss Cheese untuk mengetahui tingkat pertahanan dalam mencegah penahanan kapal dan menghasilkan strategi pencegahan bagi para pemangku kepentingan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekurangan kapal berbendera Indonesia yang paling banyak dipertahankan adalah Fire Safety (26,3%), Certificate and Documentation (14,1%), dan Life-saving Appliances (10,6%). Berdasarkan tinjauan literatur dan didukung wawancara, tingkat pertahanan pemangku kepentingan dalam mencegah penahanan kapal dari level 1 hingga 4 adalah awak kapal, pemilik kapal, lembaga klasifikasi, dan negara bendera. Selain itu, penelitian ini menghasilkan strategi bagi setiap pemangku kepentingan yang terkena dampak penahanan kapal, seperti pengembangan kompetensi dan pengetahuan bagi awak kapal, melakukan sistem manajemen keselamatan bagi pemilik kapal, memperkuat implementasi peraturan bagi lembaga klasifikasi, serta peningkatan pengawasan dan perbaikan regulasi bagi negara bendera. . Strategi tersebut dipilih berdasarkan sebagian besar strategi yang diperoleh dari wawancara. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa peningkatan kinerja flag state dengan melibatkan seluruh pemangku kepentingan terkait adalah hal yang penting. Temuan penelitian ini memberikan referensi bagi setiap pemangku kepentingan terkait di industri maritim untuk mencegah penahanan kapal dan memberikan wawasan mengenai rancangan peraturan pemerintah terhadap kapal yang mengibarkan berbenderanya. Oleh karena itu, disarankan agar pemerintah atau negara bendera yang mempunyai kewenangan paling besar dibandingkan pemangku kepentingan lainnya wajib menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik dengan melakukan pengawasan terhadap usaha kelautan secara menyeluruh dan menetapkan peraturan yang dapat mengintegrasikan seluruh pemangku kepentingan. Yang terakhir, diperlukan dukungan dari setiap pemangku kepentingan untuk menerapkan peraturan ini dengan benar guna mengurangi kapal-kapal di bawah standar yang berlayar secara internasional, yang akan secara signifikan mengurangi penahanan dan meningkatkan performa negara bendera.
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To this day, Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world, with more than 17,000 islands spread from west to east. Of course, shipping has been the backbone of the Indonesian economy for a long time. Indonesia also has an active role in world trade, with many ships sailing internationally, although many ships that are considered old still serve international shipping. This results in ships sailing at high risk of assessment by the PSC in a particular country, which often results in the ship being detained. In ASEAN, Indonesia has the highest percentage of inspection-detention culture among other countries. This will ultimately threaten Indonesia's whitelist status, which has been maintained for the last three years, and easily slip to the grey or black lists. By adopting the Research Onion Diagram developed by Saunders, this research uses mixed methods, relying on quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data was obtained from the official website of the Tokyo MoU, supported by their annual reports, and the qualitative data was obtained from interviews with experts, specifically the internal supervisor of Indonesian-flagged ships that sail internationally. Furthermore, the primary data were processed using the Swiss cheese model to determine the level of defence in preventing ship detention and produce stakeholder prevention strategies. The results of this research show that the most detainable deficiencies of Indonesian-flagged vessels are fire safety (26.3%), certificates and documentation (14.1%), and life-saving appliances (10.6%). According to the literature review and supported by the interview, the stakeholders’ level of defence on preventing ship detention from level 1 to 4 is the ship’s crew, ship owner, classification society, and flag state, respectively. Moreover, this research produces strategies for each stakeholder affected by ship detention, such as competency and knowledge development for ship crews, conducting safety management systems for ship owners, strengthening the implementation of regulations for classification societies, and stricter supervision and regulation improvement for flag states. The strategy was chosen based on most strategies obtained from interviews. The research concluded that improving the flag state performance by involving every related stakeholder is important. The findings from this research provide a reference for every related stakeholder in the maritime industry to prevent ship detention and provide insight into the government's design of regulations for ships flying their flag. Hence, it recommends that the government or flag state, which has the greatest authority compared to other stakeholders, be obliged to carry out its functions well by supervising maritime business as a whole and establishing regulations that can integrate all stakeholders. Lastly, it needs every stakeholder's support to correctly implement the regulation to reduce substandard vessels sailing internationally, which will significantly reduce the detention and increase the flag state performance.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Flag State Performance, Port State Control, Ship Detention; Penahanan Kapal, Performa Negara Bendera, Port State Control
Subjects:	H Social Sciences > HE Transportation and Communications > HE564.A1 Shipping
Divisions:	Faculty of Marine Technology (MARTECH) > Marine Transportation Engineering
Depositing User:	Rendi Ferdillah
Date Deposited:	16 Feb 2024 08:44
Last Modified:	16 Feb 2024 08:44
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/107247

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